The advantages of houses made from aerated concrete blocks are the short construction time. This promotes rapid housing construction, including private housing. The choice of covering the first floor of a house from aerated concrete depends on many factors: the purpose, number of storeys of the house, the possibility of using special equipment, the cost of work, the level of professionalism of the builders and knowledge of the structural features of the materials. The reliability and durability of a building largely depend on the correct solution to this issue.
Requirements for flooring for a house made of aerated concrete
A house made of aerated concrete is built no higher than three floors, since the cellular structure of the blocks has less compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. The ceiling in such buildings should be selected taking into account:
- self-gravity and floor walls, or weight load calculations;
- strength and optimal rigidity;
- sufficient degree of sound insulation;
- fire safety factor.
The resulting force on the load-bearing walls is redistributed by the ceiling. It is recommended to make a reinforcing belt for any of its types, which enhances the spatial rigidity of the building and provides protection against crushing of fragile aerated concrete.
The upper cut of load-bearing walls must be strictly horizontal; if a defect is detected, elimination can be done by erasing aerated concrete blocks for leveling.
Types of floors
The selected overlap depends on the method of execution and construction material. The following modifications are most widely used:
- slab;
- prefabricated monolithic;
- monolithic;
- based on wooden or metal beams.
Other types of flooring: coffered, brick, hipped, are structurally complex and expensive in construction low-rise buildings from aerated blocks are not used.
Slab floor
The first floor slab is assembled at the construction site using reinforced concrete slabs or aerated concrete. Determines the choice between them fundamental difference by weight. Such construction is the fastest in terms of time and is not related to the seismic activity of the region. The number of slabs depends on the size of the object and the standard dimensions specified at the factory. The main thing is that the span between the walls is 30 cm less than the ceiling for support installation 15 cm on each side and complied with the maximum distance standards:
- 6 meters - smooth slabs;
- 9 meters - with ribbed top.
The thickness is selected taking into account the potential load, since the ceiling is a kind of rigidity disk. For a two-story aerated concrete house, a height of 12 to 20 cm is sufficient for smooth surfaces and 25 to 30 cm for ribbed surfaces.
The slabs are laid strictly along the load-bearing walls of the first floor of the same level. The construction of internal partitions takes place later. Before installing the ceiling, a distribution brick pad one brick thick is built on the top row of aerated concrete blocks. After securing the strength, the slabs are placed on the layer of cement mortar using a crane.
Advantages and disadvantages of aerated concrete floors
Advantages of flooring made of aerated concrete or reinforced concrete slabs:
- fast installation in a short time;
- durability and reliability;
- high load-bearing capacity, from 600 to 800 kg/sq.m;
- excellent heat and sound insulation due to internal voids;
- factory production is distinguished by high-quality processing of materials;
- affordable price.
The disadvantages include:
- the need for special lifting equipment;
- the presence of access roads to the house made of aerated blocks for placing large slabs;
- limiting the choice of slabs by size;
- restrictions in application when load-bearing walls are curved;
- experience installation work.
To adhere the slabs, use a sand-cement mortar or lay mineral wool, strengthening the thermal insulation of a house made of aerated concrete.
Prefabricated monolithic floor
The technology does not require special equipment due to the design, which allows for not the heaviest elements for covering the first floor.
The installation process consists of initially placing the beams at a distance of 60-80 cm. Between them, expanded clay or polystyrene concrete blocks are placed on the lower flanges of the beams. A formwork is formed, on top of which a reinforcing mesh is placed. The structure is poured with concrete and takes time to dry completely.
Insulation is carried out using expanded clay, expanded polystyrene, high-density basalt wool or other thermal insulation materials.
Pros and cons of the design
The advantages of the design are manifested:
- in carrying out installation without special equipment;
- excellent sound and vapor insulation;
- strength of prefabricated monolithic composition.
But building codes, unfortunately, do not include information and recommendations for this type of overlap. Therefore, its use is allowed in houses made of aerated blocks of no more than 2 floors.
Monolithic ceiling
This modification is being prepared at the site for building a house. The process is quite complex and labor-intensive, but indispensable for non-standard building shapes. The resulting flat surface and the absence of work on sealing seams attracts the choice of this type of flooring.
At the beginning of the process, it is necessary to install formwork to form a monolithic slab. Based on your financial capabilities and availability of time, you can buy ready-made inventory formwork or make it yourself from sheet materials or boards at the installation site.
Concrete for pouring the floor is prepared according to the classical scheme: three parts sand and one part cement. Add crushed stone or gravel as desired. The first layer of concrete should not exceed one third of the floor; a reinforcement cage is placed on it. Then, using the pie principle, the second filling and laying of the reinforcing mesh is done. After the third pouring of concrete, the total thickness of the floor is 15-20 cm.
Increasing the layer thickness significantly affects total weight designs. For a house made of aerated concrete blocks, these are significant parameters. When the concrete reaches approximately 80% strength, this occurs within 3-4 days, the formwork can be dismantled.
To reduce the thickness of the floor and the overall structural weight, a ribbed monolithic slab is made, which includes beams and thin concrete layers. In this case, the pressure is redistributed not to the aerated concrete walls, but to the beams.
It takes much more time to install formwork with lower sheets of profile metal, which will become the reinforcing base. This option is indispensable in rooms with large spans between load-bearing walls of up to 9 m.
Monolithic ceiling does not allow self-made concrete in small-sized mixers. The solution must be ordered in the parameters and volume for one-time filling of the surface from an organization that guarantees product quality.
Pros and cons of monolithic flooring
Advantages:
- high load-bearing capacity;
- options for non-standard configurations with geometric complexities;
- application in case of significant spans between walls over 6 m.
Flaws:
- high time required for recruitment strength characteristics concrete;
- mandatory calculation of loads on the structure;
- high cost of overlapping;
- application of equipment: mixers and concrete pumps;
- extensive preparatory work;
- strict adherence to the solution preparation technology;
- limitation of work depending on temperature conditions.
Beam floors
Floors in a house made of aerated blocks can be made using metal or wooden beams.
The first option has a low price and is popular for installing interfloor structures. The second, similar in construction technology, is very expensive due to the price of rolled metal products and the need for equipment to install heavy beams.
Heat-insulating material is placed between the wooden beams. A sheathing is installed on the beams on both sides, which, on the one hand, serves as the basis for the subfloor, and on the other, as the ceiling surface.
It should be noted that wooden beams must be treated with fire and bioprotective impregnations, and metal floor beams are subject to mandatory anti-corrosion treatment. To prevent moisture from penetrating from the concrete to the beams, a layer of waterproofing is needed.
The beam floor of a house made of aerated blocks has significantly lower load-bearing capacity, so its use is recommended in buildings with a small area and a distance between walls of up to 6 m. This is especially significant for areas with seismic activity over 7 points.
Advantages and disadvantages
Positive properties of beam technology:
- availability of installation work with metal beams and wooden floors;
- low cost.
Flaws:
- use only in two-story houses;
- shorter service life compared to concrete floors;
- the presence of restrictions due to the flammability of materials.
Any ceiling can be installed in an aerated concrete house, provided that the load on the load-bearing walls is accurately calculated. The optimal load for small buildings of 2-3 floors is when installing aerated concrete slabs. The weight, size of the slabs, average price and technological features of constructing floors with aerated concrete slabs make this choice available in mass housing construction.
When constructing various buildings and structures for both residential and industrial purposes, an important stage is the choice of material and the implementation of the floor. With the help of such structures, high-rise buildings are divided into floors. During the operation of a building, floors are subject to high loads, so it is important to choose the right material and install it correctly.
The main types of floors
Based on their purpose, structures are divided into three groups:
- attic: such structures separate the top floor and the attic space under the roof of the building. To create an usable attic area, it is recommended to use reinforced concrete slabs that can withstand a load of 400 kg/m2;
- interfloor: such floors are used to divide into separate floors. When choosing a material for their creation, the degree of load of interior partitions, interior items, various equipment, people, and so on is taken into account. Experts recommend using reinforced concrete slabs marked 6At and higher;
- basement: such structures separate the space of the lower level, which includes garages, basements and other rooms. Technical requirements to the material for these floors (degree of load, rigidity, strength) are similar to those for interfloor floors. Additionally, experts recommend insulating the structure and waterproofing it.
Based on the type of construction, floors are usually divided into the following categories:
- Full-bodied:
The body of the product consists of a solid material, for example, concrete, without any voids. Such slabs have a straight rectangular shape. The thickness is 10-16 cm. Most often they are used to cover underground technical channels.
- Hollow:
Such floors are made in the form of rectangular slabs with small voids around the perimeter (most often round, less often square). The most popular are products with a thickness of 22 cm, while the hole diameter can be 14-15.9 cm. Manufacturers also offer floor slabs with a thickness of 30, 26 and 16 cm.
- Monolithic:
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Such plates are characterized by high strength and wear resistance. They are made from reinforced concrete structures with continuous reinforcement. Recommended for the use of interfloor slabs in residential multi-storey buildings and modern residential complexes.
- Ribbed:
Such products are shaped like the letter P (from the end part). Their main difference is that the edges of the slab are reinforced with special beams. The products are characterized by increased load-bearing properties, so they are often used for floors public buildings, multi-storey and industrial buildings. Due to the high cost of such a product, it is not advisable to use it when constructing a private house, summer house or country cottage.
- Lightweight:
The main difference between these slabs is their low weight compared to similar slabs. The structure of the product is multi-hollow. It is recommended to install such a floor on those construction sites where the foundation is of insufficient strength. An example of these products are slabs made on the basis of polystyrene concrete.
Types of floors by material
- Concrete floors: such structures are usually used in the construction of large objects ( multi-storey buildings, industrial workshops and so on). The main component for their production is concrete of various types: silicate, light and heavy. Concrete floors are divided into several subtypes:
- precast: The overall floor structure consists of several individual concrete slabs bonded together. These are factory-made products;
- monolithic: a solid slab that is concreted to specific dimensions directly on the construction site;
- monolithic on a supporting profiled sheet: the installed corrugated sheet is a permanent formwork for concreting a monolithic slab. As a rule, such structures are used to create interfloor ceilings, which simultaneously serve as a supporting structure and a base for the floor.
- Wooden floors: such structures are characterized by low weight and ease of installation. They are often used in the construction of private houses from various materials: brick, timber, various blocks. Wooden floors are divided into subtypes:
- solid wood beams: the length of the solid wood floor is up to 6 meters.
- glued laminated timber: the length of this type of floor is up to 12 meters.
- Metal floors: metal beams are used to cover large areas with increased load. They are made from high-rolled steel according to the strict requirements of GOST standards.
Features of beam structures
Beam floors are a more economical option compared to slabs.
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The installation procedure is simpler, but at the same time finished design successfully withstands heavy loads. 
Experts recommend using this type of floors in the construction of private houses or low buildings (up to several floors). The beam web is secured using special supports. Such an overlap is placed horizontally or at some angle. Thus, the load from the beam falls on the supports: walls, columns, and is then redistributed between other structural elements.
The strength of the product, as well as the maximum loads, are determined depending on:
- beam material;
- method of its fastening;
- shape and cross-sectional area.
Truss is another modern way of arranging floors. The design is a rod system. To form it, linear rod elements are used, which are connected at certain nodes, which bear the load. This type of floor includes trussed beams - a structure made of a continuous beam (two- or three-span) and a girder. Similar structures are used for arranging high-rise buildings.
The stability and strength of the entire building, as well as its service life, depend on the correct choice of material for creating floors. When choosing a specific product, first of all, you should take into account the overall architectural design of the construction site. It is important to produce some technical calculations so that the finished floor successfully withstands the required load, is strong and reliable. In addition, the selected products are subject to requirements for thermal conductivity, fire safety, water and sound insulation.
At high enough technical specifications the selected structures should have the lowest possible mass and thickness. It is very important not to make mistakes when performing calculations, so it is better to entrust this task to an experienced and qualified engineer.
Advantages and disadvantages of various floors
Most often in construction, reinforced concrete slabs are used as flooring. Compared to monolithic concreting, reinforced concrete structures are characterized by a number of undeniable advantages. Most of the models have voids in their design, which increases the sound insulation of the room, reduces the overall weight of the structure, and, therefore, the load on the foundation of the construction site.
PROBLEM OF CHOICE
Currently, floors in private houses are made of wood and reinforced concrete. Both wooden and reinforced concrete floors have several solutions. The choice of flooring material is primarily determined by the structures of the building itself (for example, in houses with wooden walls and wooden floors), and also depends on the purpose of the floor, the capabilities of the developer and the characteristics of the construction site.
For example, between the first residential floor and an unheated basement, it is best to install a reinforced concrete floor, which is more resistant to moisture and easier to use. Between the residential floor and the attic, a light wooden floor would be appropriate, which would not create additional load on the walls and foundations. In a house with an attic, in which it was decided to make the floor above the first floor wooden, under the rooms with wet conditions (shower, bath, toilet) located on this floor, it will be necessary to install a fragment of reinforced concrete floor.
The decision-making may also be influenced by the conditions of the construction site, in particular, the possibility of access for transport and construction equipment. In cases of cramped conditions in a small area, it is better to abandon prefabricated reinforced concrete floors, giving preference to solutions that can be implemented using manual labor or small-scale mechanization means - winches or manual (electric) hoists.
The choice of material and design of the floor also depends on the characteristics of the soil at the construction site. For example, if at the level of the base of the foundations there are soils with low bearing capacity, it is better to make floors with low dead weight - wooden ones, which transfer small vertical loads to the foundations.
WOODEN COVERS
Wooden floors have long prevailed in private construction due to the availability of the material. The load-bearing element in the structure of a wooden floor is beams.
Depending on the characteristics of the beams, wooden floors can be divided into the following types:
- floors with beams made of solid wood;
- floors with beams of composite section;
- ceilings with beams on two levels.
The cross-sectional dimensions of wooden beams depend on the span (the distance between the supports, that is, the distance between the load-bearing walls) and the pitch of the beams in plan. These parameters are determined by the designer through calculations when designing the floor. The composition of the floor and the number of its elements depends on the design of the floor and the method of filing the ceiling.
Floor covering boards can rest directly on floor beams or on joists laid on the beams. In the first case, the ceiling provides little protection from impact noise created when people move along the ceiling. If floor boards are laid on joists, then soundproofing pads are placed between the joists and beams.
The ceiling structure can be made of wooden flooring (rolling) laid between the beams. The beating (in the form of shields or individual boards) is supported on cranial bars nailed to the beams. Until recently, the finishing of the ceiling was made of plaster over shingles, which was pressed onto the lower surface of the shingle.
A more progressive solution is to line the ceiling with plasterboard slabs, which are attached directly to the lower plane of the load-bearing floor beams. This is also better in terms of fire safety requirements, since two layers of ordinary ceiling plasterboard or one layer of fire-resistant plasterboard will provide all the requirements for fire resistance of load-bearing wooden floor structures.
Floors with spaced beams (that is, the beams are located in two levels with a shift between them in plan) are probably the most suitable solution: the floor boards rest on the upper beams, and the ceiling lining is attached to the lower ones. In this case, there is no need to lay logs under the floor boards. The beams used here are of smaller cross-section, so the load on them is reduced. Such a ceiling does not transmit the sounds of impact noise, since the beams are not connected to each other.
Beams in floors can be made of solid wood or glued ones, the cross-section of which consists of several elements glued together. Glulam beams have greater strength than solid wood beams and are capable of covering large spans; they are less susceptible to moisture (they do not change size when air humidity changes), but their cost is higher.
The cross-section of composite beams can be designed in the form of a T-beam or an I-beam. Such beams are made from boards 30-50 mm thick. Their production requires less wood by volume than solid wood beams, but the load-bearing capacity of these beams is no lower.
Today, ready-made wooden I-beams, in which the horizontal elements are made of laminated veneer lumber and the vertical elements are made of OSB boards, are becoming increasingly popular.
Options for sections of wooden floor beams: a - solid beam; b - glued beam; c - T-section beam; g - I-beam; d - finished I-beam with a stack of OSB plates
Traditional wooden floor: 1 - load-bearing beams; 2 - cranial bars 50x50 mm; 3 - ceiling flooring (panel roll); 4 - plaster on shingles; 5 - soundproofing gasket; 6 - lag; 7 - floor made of boards; a - beam pitch
Wooden floor with beams on two levels: 1 - floor beams; 2 - ceiling beams; 3 - floor boards; 4 - plasterboard ceiling lining; a - beam pitch
I-beams with an OSB-plate stand have high load-bearing capacity with low weight
Advantages of wooden floors:
- low weight, which contributes to less consumption of materials for foundation construction;
- performing the entire range of work on installing the ceiling manually, including supplying material to the installation site;
- quick and easy installation;
- low cost. Disadvantages of wooden floors:
- susceptibility to rotting with constant moisture, which requires good ventilation of structures, as well as surface treatment with biological protection agents (antiseptics);
- easy flammability of wood requires surface treatment with fire retardants (means that increase fire resistance) and protection from open fire by cladding or applying fire-retardant paints and varnishes to their surface;
- the difficulty of making floors with large spans (more than 6 m), which entails a significant consumption of materials due to the need to increase the height of the cross-section of the load-bearing beams, and therefore the thickness of the floor itself;
- impossibility of making wooden floors under rooms with wet conditions (bathrooms, showers, toilets, laundries);
- the need to install a heat-insulating seam in places where the ceiling adjoins the chimney ducts from stoves, fireplaces and boilers.
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORS
Reinforced concrete floors can be divided into three main types:
- floors made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs;
- floors made of monolithic reinforced concrete;
- combined (prefabricated-monolithic) floors.
Prefabricated floors are made from factory-made hollow-core reinforced concrete slabs, which are produced mainly with a width of 1.0; 1.2 and 1.5 m. Their thickness is 220 mm. The length of prefabricated slabs varies - from 2.4 m to 9.0 m. These slabs are very heavy, 1 m2 of such a slab weighs about 300 kg. To install these floors, there must be free space near the house, which is required not only for transporting the slabs by road, but also for placing a truck crane, with the help of which the slabs are laid in their place.
Monolithic reinforced concrete floors are made in the form of a flat or, less commonly, ribbed slab. The ribs of the slab can protrude upward or downward. To construct these floors, it is necessary to arrange formwork and perform reinforcement from steel rods. Floors with a flat slab usually have a thickness of 200 mm with a span of no more than 4.5 m (otherwise the consumption of materials increases sharply). Such floors are very heavy: 1 m2 weighs about 480 kg.
To make monolithic ribbed slabs, less material consumption is required (reinforcing steel and concrete mixture), but the formwork for them is somewhat more complicated, which increases the labor costs for its production. But such slabs can cover spans of up to 6 meters or more. The weight of 1 m2 of such floors is less than that of floors with solid slab 200 mm thick (it depends on the span of the slab and the pitch of the rib beams). If the ribbed beams of ribbed floors protrude upward, it is more difficult to lay the floors. Ribbed floors, in which the beams protrude downwards, require a suspended ceiling.
Combined precast-monolithic floors are made from prefabricated elements and monolithic concrete. They may have different designs. One of the simplest options is to install a monolithic slab on load-bearing metal beams from a rolled profile - a channel or an I-beam.
A monolithic reinforced concrete slab in such floors can be located above the beams or rest on their lower chords. When making such floors, you can do without the manufacture of removable formwork, which is necessary for laying the concrete mixture. In this case, permanent formwork made of galvanized steel profiled sheet is used.
This design makes it possible to produce a monolithic slab of smaller thickness, which reduces the consumption of concrete and reinforcement. There is also no need to install and dismantle formwork. However, such ceilings require a different approach to the construction of the floor or ceiling. In addition, floors using steel beams need protection from open fire in the form of plastering the beams on a metal mesh, facing with plasterboard or painting with fire-retardant paints.
Monolithic floors: 1 - flat slab; 2 - ribbed slab with beams protruding downwards; 3 - ribbed slab with beams protruding upward; a - beam pitch
Prefabricated monolithic floor with a slab along the upper chord of the beams: 1 - monolithic slab; 2 - steel beams; a - beam pitch
Prefabricated monolithic floor with a slab along the lower belt of beams: 1 - steel beams; 2 - monolithic slab; 3 - permanent formwork made of corrugated sheets; 4 - concrete; 5 - reinforcing mesh; a - beam pitch
Teriva prefabricated monolithic floor: 1 - floor beams; 2 - hollow blocks; 3 - monolithic concrete; a - beam pitch
Advantages of reinforced concrete floors:
- rigidity of the floor, increasing the reliability of the building structure;
- high strength of the material, allowing it to withstand increased loads;
- good fire resistance, meeting all the requirements of current fire safety standards; better resistance to moisture than wooden structures.
Disadvantages of reinforced concrete floors:
- a significant mass of the floor, transmitting a large force to the foundations, which requires greater consumption of materials for their construction;
- the need to install monolithic distribution belts under floor supports in walls made of materials with low strength (cellular concrete, porous ceramic blocks);
- a long time for constructing the floor, which is associated with the implementation of formwork, reinforcement, and the acquisition of the required strength by concrete, which is achieved only after 28 days;
- the need to construct formwork and temporary supports for it;
- need to use cranes when making floors from prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs;
- when making monolithic floors, mechanisms are needed to supply concrete to the place of installation and the use of vibrators to compact the concrete mixture;
- space is required for the access of vehicles transporting structures, concrete mixture or materials for its preparation.
FREQUENTLY RIBBED COVERS
The frequently ribbed reinforced concrete floor does not require formwork: the space between the load-bearing beams is filled with hollow blocks, after which the entire structure is filled with concrete
Frequently ribbed ceilings deserve special mention. From a constructive point of view, they are also prefabricated monolithic floors. The idea is that the space between the floor beams is filled with hollow blocks, after which the entire structure is poured on top with a layer of concrete. In Europe, this is the most popular type of flooring in private construction.
The purlin beams are a reinforced concrete strip with a cross-section of 120 x 40 mm, into which a reinforcement frame in the form of a spatial truss is mounted. The length of the beams is 2.2-8.0 m. The beams are laid in increments of 600 mm and supported by load-bearing walls. Hollow liner blocks are placed between the beams, supported on their longitudinal edges.
The installation of such an overlap does not require continuous formwork. Temporary supports for beams consist of 50 mm thick boards laid at trench spacing of 600 mm. 1 m2 of such a floor weighs about 260 kg, that is, much less than a monolithic or prefabricated one.
The blocks can be made of concrete - the products are heavier (22 kg) and have a lower price, or from expanded clay concrete - these blocks are lighter (only 14 kg), they provide more high level heat and sound insulation, but their price is higher. Block size - 520x240x210 mm.
Concrete is laid on top of the structure of beams and blocks, which fills the spaces between the beams and forms a ribbed monolithic slab 30 mm thick. If necessary, reinforcement mesh is laid on top of the blocks.
The intended purpose of the ceilings can be between floors and attics. They can be made of wood or reinforced concrete (monolithic and prefabricated). The type of flooring must be selected in accordance with the type of house, as well as the purpose of the floor itself.
The design of the floors must take into account the calculated permanent and temporary loads. The permanent design load includes the dead weight of the structure, including coating materials and insulation.
Temporary (variable) loads are the weight of furniture, boiler, plumbing and other equipment, as well as people in the room. If we are talking about permanent stone houses, then their interfloor ceilings are usually made of reinforced concrete.
Wooden structures are used, as a rule, in the construction of attic floors and interfloor ceilings wooden houses. When calculating temporary loads, it is necessary to take into account that the load of basement and interfloor floors is on average twice as high as the load of attic floors.
Reinforced concrete floors
This type of flooring is used only in those houses that are built of brick, stone or concrete. An important advantage of reinforced concrete floors is their very high load-bearing capacity. These floors require additional insulation, since they have a low level of thermal insulation and a high level of sound permeability. Depending on the manufacturing method, there are monolithic and prefabricated floors.
Factory-produced slab floors made of prefabricated reinforced concrete have a calculated load-bearing capacity, their nomenclature is provided for by the project. Thanks to the use of such overlaps, it is possible to significantly reduce the time construction work, save costs.
Precast concrete factories produce a wide range of slabs:
- solid,
- hollow,
- made of heavy and light concrete.
Today, hollow core slabs are the most popular. This is facilitated by their low cost and better performance in terms of heat retention and sound insulation. In addition, hollow products have less weight, i.e. there will be less load on the foundation and load-bearing walls.
To install these prefabricated floors, it is necessary to use specialized lifting equipment. The slabs are laid on a bed made of sand-cement mortar. The bed is placed in those places where the ceilings will rest on load-bearing walls.
Leveling the slabs
The alignment of the slabs when installing interfloor ceilings is carried out along the lower surface, while drawing the horizontal line using a level, level or spirit level. The support on load-bearing walls must be at least 12 cm - 14 cm. If the slabs have prestressed reinforcement, then they should be supported only on the ends (support by the middle of the surface and the side edges of the slab is not permissible).
If the construction site is not equipped with lifting equipment, i.e. installation of prefabricated slabs is impossible, then monolithic reinforced concrete floors are created.
Monolithic type ceilings
Monolithic type ceilings are slab, beam, ribbed and with liners. These floors are made directly on site, cast into specialized formwork.
Since monolithic floors are a very important structure, they must be manufactured strictly according to the design and by qualified craftsmen.
Most often, a monolithic slab floor is used. The areas where this structure is supported on load-bearing walls must be at least 10 cm and at the same time exceed the thickness of the slab itself. The reinforcement cage is placed from the bottom of the slab (in the tension section of the structure).
The ends of the reinforcement should be located at a distance of 3 cm - 5 cm from the formwork. When making monolithic consoles, the reinforcing layer is placed on the top of the structure.
For a monolithic floor, the maximum span length should not be more than 3 m. If the distance is greater, then a monolithic beam floor is used. In this design, reinforced concrete beams are installed and the outlets of the reinforcement of these beams are connected to the reinforcement of the monolithic slab.
On load-bearing walls, the support of the beams should be at least 20 cm - 25 cm. The cross-section and installation pitch of the beams is indicated by the project. Reinforced monolithic belts are created along the load-bearing walls, and beams are attached to them with anchors.
Technology for making monolithic floors
The design of monolithic floors with liners is rarely used today. The technology for making such floors involves placing ceramic liners of various shapes in the gaps between the load-bearing beams.
During the production of a monolithic ribbed floor, the liners serve as formwork for the slab and ribs. The disadvantages of this design are the complexity of implementation, as well as the high level of sound permeability.
Wooden floors
The advantage of wooden floors is their ease of assembly, which does not require the use of specialized mechanization. In addition, such floors have excellent thermal insulation properties. The load-bearing capacity of wooden floors is ensured by wooden beams.
The cross-section of the beams is calculated taking into account the total magnitude of the loads, as well as the span length between the supporting walls. Beams are made of glued or solid timber. On small spans, paired, pre-fastened beams from boards of at least 50 mm can be installed.
The ends of the beams must rest on load-bearing external walls. If we are talking about long-span structures, then the middle part of the beams is additionally supported by load-bearing internal walls. Lay the beams to the center from the edges, setting the step according to the calculations for the project.
The step size can only be changed to a smaller value than the value planned by the project. The position of the outer beams must be verified using a level or building level. Intermediate beams can be aligned along the rail or along the thread. All wooden structural elements are treated with antiseptics and fire retardants.
Installation of floors in a stone house
If wooden floors are installed on stone walls, then the beams are tarred or wrapped in roofing felt before being embedded in the wall. In the process of supporting beams on load-bearing external walls, the gap between the end of the beam and the wall is laid with mineral wool insulation.
In this case, it is necessary to leave a ventilation gap - this will prevent the formation of condensation on the wood. The beams are attached to the walls using anchors that are embedded in brickwork or monolithic reinforced concrete belt.
Installation of floors in a log house
If the ceiling is installed in a log house, then the beams are tightly cut between the crowns (no additional fastenings are used). If the ceiling is erected in a frame building, then the beams are supported on the frame, secured with staples, pins or nails.
In order to save heat and provide sound insulation, the space between the beams is filled with insulation. They do it this way: sheets of glassine are laid over a continuous boardwalk, then heat-insulating material is placed or poured onto the glassine.
What the cross-section of the beams should be can be found out from specially designed tables.
When installing wooden floors, special attention must be paid to the passage of chimney, stove and boiler pipes through the floor. The distance between the pipe and the wooden structural element must be at least 25 cm. A heat-insulating gasket must be installed around the pipe itself. For this, sheet basalt or asbestos is used.
They must be reliable, fire-resistant, with good sound-proofing and heat-insulating properties. The strength and durability of the structure itself, as well as the comfort and safety of the residents, depend on how correctly the choice is made and how high-quality the installation of the floor is. How some types of these structures differ from others, which interfloor ceilings for a cottage are better, how to calculate the load, how to install correctly - this is the topic of this week.
Articles:
FORUMHOUSE experts tell you the difference between hollow-core slabs and slabs made using formless molding, how to correctly lay floor slabs in houses and avoid mistakes during installation.
Wooden beams, anti-frost additives and screeds. This review contains everything you need for the construction of building floors in the autumn-winter season.
The possibility of unsupported covering of large areas significantly expands the architectural possibilities when designing a building. This allows you to “play” with the volume of rooms, install floor-to-ceiling panoramic windows in rooms, install complex structures on site and build large halls. FORUMHOUSE experts talk about the need for calculations and the nuances of self-manufacturing wooden structures.
An armored belt is necessary to evenly distribute the load and connect the walls together, which greatly reduces the risk of cracks due to uneven shrinkage of the building. When constructing an attic floor with wooden floors, the reinforced belt will redistribute the point load from the timber to the entire wall. FORUMHOUSE talks about the installation of an armored belt in an aerated concrete house.
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Ribbed monolithic bidirectional ceiling. Sometimes it is necessary to make large spans in the layout of a house. We are considering the finished construction technology monolithic ribbed bidirectional structure, which eliminates the use of elements such as intermediate columns and beams.
Non-standard solutions in building a house from aerated blocks. Non-standard solutions were used in the construction of this house. The 400 mm wide blocks were replaced with two 200 mm blocks. Various construction options are used to organize window openings. And for the construction of houses, no additional reinforcing belt was used.
Concreting at sub-zero temperatures. There is often a debate about whether it is worth doing special work such as foundation laying and monolithic work in winter. The expert talks about the pros and cons of building a cottage in winter, the use of additives of different quality and price, and what time of year is more economically profitable to build a cottage.
Pouring the armored belt for a house made of aerated blocks. How to fill an armored belt with concrete, what you can save on during installation, and what you shouldn’t save on, Dmitry Kuzmin tells from his own construction experience.
A house made of aerated concrete with your own hands and at no extra cost. Floors. For four years, Dmitry Kalinsky built a cottage not far from Moscow from aerated concrete blocks with his own hands. In this story, he shares his personal experience of laying concrete blocks, installing formwork, installing lintels and reinforced belts, as well as self-installation windows in the building.
Forum thread:
The purpose of this topic is to refer to it when you need help: Anatolevich shares his experience and photo report of the construction of an “ideal” monolithic structure for spans between high load-bearing walls weighing up to 4.5 m. FORUMHOUSE participants give their assessment of this work.
. Sergio1974 I started making an attic floor in my house, which raised the question of where it would be good and correct to place the hydro-vapor barrier: laying it in strips between the joists, laying a solid sheet, practically “wrapping” the beam in insulation, or attaching the insulation to the joists and covering it with a fine finish. Which of the construction options has the most rights to use, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed by forum users in this thread.
Many projects have a bay window with an open balcony above it. The floor structure (thermal and waterproofing, drainage, connection to the main wall, etc.) is a real minefield for a self-builder; it’s easy to make mistakes, especially with reliable water and thermal insulation. “Sappers, respond!” - called the topicstarter sailor, and knowledgeable forum members expressed their opinions.
Between the slabs of the first floor there was a span spanning the entire width of the house. U azid The question arose - what to support the floor slabs above the stairs: I don’t want to put a wall there, so as not to block the free approach to the stairs. Is it possible to solve this problem - read the topic.
There are always many questions and doubts that complicate the choice of interfloor slabs. You can set and resolve any of them here together with experienced users and FORUMHOUSE experts.