The activities of any enterprise specialists have to deal with a certain system of indicators. One of them is specific gravity. In economics, this is an indicator that reflects the weight of a particular financial phenomenon.
General definition
They serve as micromodels of various phenomena in the financial activities of both the state in general and the business entity in particular. They are subject to various fluctuations and changes due to the reflection of the dynamics and contradictions of all ongoing processes, they can both approach and move away from their main purpose - to assess and measure the essence of a particular economic phenomenon. That is why the analyst should always keep in mind the goals and objectives of the ongoing research using indicators for evaluating various aspects of the activities of enterprises.
Among the many economic indicators summarized in a certain system, it is necessary to highlight the following:
- natural and cost, which depend on the selected meters;
- qualitative and quantitative;
- volumetric and specific.
It is the latter type of indicators that will be given special attention in this article.
Share in the economy
This is a relative and derived indicator from its volumetric counterparts. As a specific weight, it is customary to consider output per employee, the amount of inventory in days, the level of costs per ruble of sale, etc. Relative indicators such as structure, dynamics, plan implementation and development intensity are also widely used.
The share in the economy is the relative share of individual elements in the sum of all its components.
It is customary to consider as important the value of coordination, considered as a comparison of individual structural parts of a single whole. An example is the comparison in the passive part of the balance sheet of a business entity of debt and equity capital.
Thus, the share in the economy is an indicator that has some meaning with its own value for analysis and control. However, as with any relative indicator, it is characterized by a certain limitation. Therefore, the share in the economy, the calculation formula of which is contained in any thematic textbook, should be considered in conjunction with other economic parameters. It is this approach that will make it possible to objectively and comprehensively conduct research on the economic activities of business entities in a certain area.
Method of calculation
The answer to the question of how to find the share in the economy depends on which particular area needs to be considered. In any case, this is the ratio of a particular indicator to a general one. For example, the share of value added tax revenues in total tax revenues is calculated as the ratio of VAT paid by business entities to the total amount of revenues from paying all taxes. The share of tax revenues in the revenue part of the federal budget of the Russian Federation is calculated in a similar way, only revenues from taxes are taken as a private indicator, and the total amount of budget revenues for a specific period (for example, a year) is taken as a general indicator.
Unit
How is the share in the economy measured? Of course, in percentage. The unit of measurement follows from the very wording of this concept. This is why it is calculated in shares or percentages.
The value of the indicator "share" in the overall assessment of the state economy
As mentioned above, the share in the economy characterizes its structure in various areas of activity. For example, the sectoral structure shows the degree of openness of the economy of any state. The higher the share of such basic industries as metallurgy and energy, the lower the involvement of the state in the division of labor at the international level, which characterizes the lower openness of its economy as a whole.
Also, the degree of openness of the economy of any state is characterized by the share of exports in GDP (and this is also a relative indicator represented by the share). It is generally accepted that for countries with an open economy, the share of exports exceeds 30% of GDP, for a closed economy - up to 10%.
However, the considered share of exports in GDP is not the only indicator of the openness or closeness of the economy. Other indicators are also known. An example is export or which are calculated by finding the ratio of the value of exports (imports) to GDP.
Summing up the above, it should be noted that the share of various indicators in the economic system is a kind of indicator of its successful functioning; based on the structure of its individual areas of activity, conclusions can be drawn about the openness or closeness of the economy. At the same time, an analysis of the structure of any economic sphere will make it possible to determine in a timely manner the factors influencing certain indicators.
Let's first understand what specific gravity is.
Specific gravity refers to the weight of a substance or material contained in one unit of quantity. Specific gravity can be expressed in grams per cubic centimeter or kilograms per cubic meter.
To find out the specific gravity of a material, you first need to find out the weight of an example material, and later find out the amount of this example. After that, you need to divide the weight of the example by its quantity and you will find the value of the specific gravity.
For example, let's determine the specific gravity of a little-known metal, an example of which has dimensions: the length of the example is three centimeters, the width of the example is two centimeters, and the thickness of the example is two centimeters.
First of all, by weighing, we determine the weight of the example in grams. Suppose the weight of the example is 100
Then we define the number of examples. Multiplying its dimensions with each other, we take: three centimeters multiplied by two centimeters and multiplied by two centimeters will be twelve cubic centimeters.
So the amount of the example is twelve cubic centimeters.
Now, to find the specific gravity, we divide the weight of the example by its quantity. It turns out that one hundred grams divided by twelve cubic centimeters will equal eight point and thirty-three hundredths of a gram per cubic centimeter.
So we were able to calculate the specific gravity of this material.
If the material from which the example is made is known, then the specific gravity can be found, for example, in a reference book on physics, where there is a special table indicating the specific gravity of many known materials.
You see, everything is quite easy!
Source: qalib.net
Calculations in Excel. Formulas.
Despite the decrease in the share of specialists in 2011 to 38%, this group occupies a larger share in the personnel structure. How to calculate the proportion of staff by age? Let's calculate the specific weight (share) of each age group. Let us calculate the specific weight (share) of each level of education.
Features of calculating the share of the average number of employees
The structure of the enterprise - the composition of personnel by category and their share in the total number. The structure of personnel can be calculated by the ratio of the number of certain categories of workers and the total number of certain categories of workers to the total number of percent in the enterprise. 1.3.2 Calculation of the number of employees by categories. Attendance - the number of employees who must report to work daily according to the standard.
The average headcount for the reporting period is calculated as the sum of the average headcount for each month of the reporting period and divided by the number of months in the reporting period.
Specific gravity - the main working
If the share of the main workers decreases, this leads to a decrease in the output of workers. At the same time, the share of the main workers is 61 5%, auxiliary workers - 26 5% and engineering and technical workers 12% in the total number. The actual technological labor intensity is determined on the basis of the amount of work and the fund of working hours worked by the main workers.
Indicators
the number and composition of employees of the enterprise.
The turnout number can be determined based on the percentage of absenteeism at work. The structure of personnel is characterized by the proportions of certain categories of workers in their total number. The qualification structure is determined by qualitative changes in the labor potential (growth of skills, knowledge, skills) and reflects, first of all, changes in the personal characteristics of employees.
When planning and evaluating the PT, various indicators are used: the production of marketable, gross, standard-net, sold products per employee of the main activity or worker. In table. 4.2 provides an assessment of the provision of a conditional enterprise with employees and the structure of employees. 2. The actual structure of the personnel corresponds to the planned one: only for the categories of employees and specialists there are slight deviations of the actual share from the planned one. Table 4.5 provides information on the volume of production and the number of employees of the enterprise. The growth in the output of 1 employee of the enterprise led to an increase in the volume of manufactured products in planned prices by 2536.1 thousand hryvnias. The data of the previously given table. 4.6 indicate that the structure of employees has deteriorated - the proportion of workers in the total number of personnel has slightly decreased. In addition to the volume of production, the change in the payroll is influenced by the number of employees of the enterprise. In table. 3.2 presents an analysis of the movement of the number of employees of the enterprise.
The number of employees is an important indicator of the state of the enterprise's labor resources. At the same time, it should be taken into account that an important condition for increasing output is an increase in the total number of workers directly involved in the development of products. The higher the proportion of workers in the total number of personnel, the more efficiently the labor resources of the enterprise are used. However, if the growth in production occurs mainly due to an increase in the number of employees, then this leads to a decrease in labor productivity and an increase in costs.
The average number of employees for the period is calculated based on the payroll for each calendar day according to the time sheet. Payroll employees who work part-time under employment contracts are included in the average headcount in proportion to the hours worked at a part-time rate. Then the average number of part-time workers for the reporting month is determined in terms of full employment. The calculation of the average number of employees in organizations that are newly created or have a seasonal nature of work is carried out in a similar manner. Suppose all employees on the payroll are included in the calculation of the average headcount.
Specific gravity and its calculation is one of the most common indicators. Its calculation is used in statistics, organizational economics, financial business analysis, economic analysis, sociology and many other disciplines. In addition, the indicator of specific gravity is used when writing analytical chapters of term papers and theses.
Initially, the specific gravity is one of the methods of statistical analysis, or rather, even one of the varieties of relative values.
The relative value of the structure is the specific gravity. Sometimes the specific gravity is called the share of the phenomenon, i.e. is the proportion of the element in the total volume of the population. The calculation of the share of an element or specific gravity (as you like) is most often carried out as a percentage.
//
Specific Gravity Formula
The formula itself can be presented in various interpretations, but its meaning is the same and the principle of calculation is the same.
The structure of the phenomenon should always be equal to 100%, no more, no less, if adding up the shares of 100 did not work, then perform an additional rounding, and the calculations themselves are best done with hundredths.
It is not so important the structure of what you calculate - the structure of assets, the share of income or expenses, the share of personnel by age, gender, length of service, education, the share of products, the structure of the population, the share of costs in the cost - the meaning of the calculation will be the same, we divide multiply the part by the total by 100 and get the specific gravity. Do not be afraid of different words in the text of the problem, the calculation principle is always the same.
Specific Gravity Example
We check the sum of shares ∑d \u003d 15.56 + 32.22 + 45.56 + 6.67 \u003d 100.01%, with this calculation there is a deviation from 100%, which means you need to remove 0.01%. If we remove it from the group 50 and older, the adjusted share of this group will be 6.66%.
We enter the received data into the final calculation table
All direct problems for determining the specific gravity have this principle of calculation.
Complex structure - there are situations when a complex structure is presented in the initial data, several groupings are carried out as part of the phenomenon. The object is divided into groups, and each group, in turn, is not yet a subgroup.
In this situation, there are two ways to calculate:
- either we calculate all groups and subgroups according to a simple scheme, divide each number by the final data;
Or we count groups from the general given, and subgroups from the value of this group.
We use a simple structure calculation. We divide each group and subgroup by the total population. In this way of calculation, we find out the share of each group and subgroup in the total population. When checking, it will be necessary to add only groups - in this example, the urban and rural population in the total number, otherwise if you add up all the data, then the sum of the shares will be 200%, a double count will appear.
We enter the calculation data in the table
Let us calculate the share of each group in the total population and the share of each subgroup in the group. The share of urban and rural population in the total population will remain the same as in the calculation above 65.33% and 34.67%.
But the calculation of the shares of men and women will change. Now we will need to calculate the proportion of men and women in relation to the urban population or rural population.
That's actually all. Nothing complicated or difficult.
Good luck with your calculations!
If something in the article is not clear, ask questions in the comments.
And if suddenly it’s difficult for someone to solve problems, contact the group to help!
Every substance has characteristics. And the main of the characteristics of any substance is weight, or rather, specific gravity, the ratio of the weight of a particular body and the volume occupied by this body. This indicator follows from the mechanical definition of matter. It is through him that we make the transition to the sphere of qualitative definitions. Matter for us is no longer an amorphous mass striving towards its center of gravity. Well, for example - the solar system - all its bodies are different in specific gravity (how to calculate the specific gravity - a little lower), because they have their own weight and volume. If we take separately our Earth and its shells (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere), it turns out that they also have their own specific gravity, different and individual.
In the same way, individual chemical elements have their own weight, only atomic. This is also an expression of specific gravity. By the way, there are only a few elements that can be represented in their pure form, and everything else is compounds, as a rule, stable and bearing the name of simple substances. There are more than five hundred of them in the lithosphere of our planet, each with its own specific gravity. How to calculate specific gravity? And in general, is it possible to do this?
Certainly. It is now that we will consider how to calculate the specific gravity. It's better to do it on concrete examples to make it clearer.
1. For example, you are the head of a woodworking shop and you want to know how to calculate the share of sales of specific goods or working material in this case. Should be known: the value of the sale of a particular product and the total volume. Let's say we have: type of product - board, revenue - 15500 (rubles), specific gravity - 81.6%; type of product - timber, revenue - 30,000 (rubles), specific gravity 15.8%; product type - slab, revenue - 190,000 (rubles), share 2.6%. Total: revenue - 190,000, and the share (total), respectively, 100%. How to calculate the specific gravity of a board? Divide 155,000 by 190,000 and multiply by 100. We get 81.6%. This is precisely the specific gravity of the board.
For some reason, specific gravity is often confused with density, although the concepts are completely different. Specific gravity does not refer to physical and chemical characteristics and differs from density as, say, mass from weight.
2.1.) Density is the ratio of mass to volume, and specific gravity is the ratio of weight to volume, the formula can be represented as follows: γ = mg / V. And if the density is the ratio of the mass of a given body to the volume of this body, then we write the formula for finding the specific weight, respectively, in the following form: γ = ρg.
2.2.) If desired, you can find the specific gravity through volume and mass, or in an experimental way, by comparing pressure values. Here the hydrostatic equation will come into play: P = Po + γh. But this method is applicable only in the case when all measured quantities without exception are known. In this case, the formula for finding the specific weight will take the following form: γ=P-Po/h. This equation is usually used to describe communicating vessels and their action. On the basis of experimental data, the conclusion will be true: each substance located in communicating vessels will have its own height and its own spreading velocity along the walls of the vessel in which this substance is located.
2.3.) In order to calculate (calculate) the specific gravity, you can apply another formula (Archimedes force). Remember school physics lessons? Perhaps, only a few will answer in the affirmative. Therefore, we refresh our memory: the force of Archimedes is a pushing force. Suppose we are given a load that has a certain mass (let's denote this load as "m"), floating on water. At this moment, two forces act on the load, the first is gravity, and the second is Archimedes (the buoyant force, and the direction will be opposite to the mg vector). In the formula, the Archimedes force looks like this: Fapx=ρgV. Knowing that ρg is equal to the specific weight of the liquid, we obtain the following equation: Fapx = yV, and from this we derive: y = Fapx/V.
Difficult? Then let's simplify: in order to calculate the specific gravity, divide the weight by the volume.
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1.2 Calculation of the income structure of the enterprise
1.3 Calculation of the implementation of the enterprise income plan.
The implementation of the plan for the total income of the enterprise is calculated by the formula:
Yissue Pl. = D fact / D pl. *100% (1.6)
where, Yvyp. Pl. - percentage of income plan completion
D fact - Incomes actually performed for the current period, rub
D pl. – planned income for the current period, rub
The percentage of completion of the income plan should be analyzed.
Section 2. Efficiency of labor resources.
The efficiency of labor resources produced per unit of time or the ratio of the amount produced to the cost of living labor.
Labor productivity in the whole enterprise can be calculated using the formula:
where, Fri - labor productivity, thousand rubles / person
D o.d. – income from core activities, thousand rubles/person
P - average number of employees, people
The percentage of fulfillment of the labor productivity plan is determined by the formula:
Labor resources are a set of employees of different groups employed at the enterprise and included in its payroll.
The results of the enterprise and its competitiveness largely depend on the efficiency of use and quality of labor resources.
2.1 Calculation of the average number of employees.
The average annual number of employees is calculated by the formula:
P = (PI + PII + PIII + PIV)/4 (2.1)
where, P is the average annual number of employees, people
P.I. PII, PIII, PIV - the number of employees at the beginning of each quarter
Implementation of the plan for the number of employees:
Yр = Рact. / Rpl. *100% (2.2)
where, Yr - the percentage of the plan for the number of employees
Rfact. — Average number of employees of the current year
Rpl. – The average number of employees according to the plan of the current year
2.2. Calculation of labor productivity
Labor productivity characterizes the efficiency of the use of labor resources in the enterprise.
The level of labor productivity is expressed by the amount of production,
Y issue \u003d PT fact / PT pl. * 100% (2.4)
where, Y vyp.pl. - the percentage of the plan of labor productivity
PT fact - the actual implementation of the labor productivity plan, thousand rubles / person.
PT pl - labor productivity plan, thousand rubles / person
The implementation of the labor productivity plan should be analyzed.
The increase in income from the main activities of the enterprise can be achieved due to the influence of 2 factors: growth in labor productivity, growth in the number of employees.
The share of income growth, as a percentage, received due to the growth of labor productivity in comparison with the plan is determined by the formula:
Q \u003d (1-% P /% Do.d.) * 100 (2.5)
where, Q is the share of income growth in percent, received due to the growth of labor productivity
%P - Percentage increase in the number of employees compared to the plan
%Do.d. - the percentage of growth in income from core activities compared to the plan
where, Rfact. - the actual number of employees.
Rpl. - planned headcount workers.
%Do.d. \u003d (Do.d fact. / D o.d. pl.-1) * 100% (2.7)
where, Do.d fact - actual income from the sale of products.
D o.d. sq. – planned income from product sales
If the enterprise has an increase in the number of employees, then the entire increase in income is obtained due to an increase in the number of workers and labor productivity.
How to calculate specific gravity as a percentage?
In order to assess the importance of a particular indicator, one needs to calculate specific gravity as a percentage. For example, in the budget, you need to calculate the share of each item in order to deal with the most important budget items in the first place.
To calculate the share of indicators, you need to divide the sum of each indicator by the total total of all indicators and multiply by 100, that is: (indicator / sum) x100. We get the weight of each indicator as a percentage.
For example: (255/844)x100=30.21%, that is, the weight of this indicator is 30.21%.
The sum of all specific weights should eventually equal 100, so you can check the correctness of the calculation of the specific gravity in percent.
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Consider the calculation of the share as a percentage using the example of calculating the share of the average number of employees, for convenience of writing, this term will be defined by the abbreviation "SHR".
The procedure for calculating the NFR is provided for by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, clause 1, article 11.
To calculate the NFR for each individual division, head office and organization in full, you need to calculate the NFR for each month, then - the NFR for the reporting period.
The sum of the CFR for each calendar day of the month, divided by the number of days of the month, will equal the CFR for the month.
The amount of the NFR for each month of the reporting period, divided by the number of months of the reporting period, equals the NFR for the reporting period.
In accordance with paragraph 8-1.4 of the instructions of Rosstat, the NFR is indicated only in full units. For young, newly formed separate units, the value of the NFR for the reporting period may be less than a whole number. Therefore, in order not to conflict with the tax authorities, for tax purposes, it is proposed to apply mathematical rules when calculating the NFR - data less than 0.5 should not be taken into account, more than 0.5 - rounded to one.
The value of the FFR of a separate subdivision/parent organization, divided by the value of the FFR for the organization as a whole for the reporting period, will be equal to the indicator of the share of the FFR of each individual division and the parent organization.
There is some common part. She takes 100%. It is made up of individual components. Their specific gravity can be calculated using the following template (formula):
Thus, in the numerator there will be a part of the whole, and in the denominator the whole itself, and the fraction itself is multiplied by one hundred percent.
When finding the specific gravity, you must remember two important rules, otherwise the solution will be wrong:
Examples of calculation in a simple and complex structure can be viewed at the link.
First, let's understand what the specific gravity of a component of a substance is. This is its ratio to the total mass of the substance, multiplied by 100%. Everything is simple. You know how much the whole substance (mixture, etc.) weighs, you know the weight of a particular ingredient, divide the weight of the ingredient by the total weight, multiply by 100% and get the answer. Specific gravity can also be estimated in terms of specific gravity.
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Specific gravity and its calculation is one of the most common indicators. Its calculation is used in statistics, organizational economics, financial business analysis, economic analysis, sociology and many other disciplines. In addition, the indicator of specific gravity is used when writing analytical chapters of term papers and theses.
Initially, the specific gravity is one of the methods of statistical analysis, or rather, even one of the varieties of relative values.
The relative value of the structure is the specific gravity. Sometimes the specific gravity is called the share of the phenomenon, i.e. is the proportion of the element in the total volume of the population. The calculation of the share of an element or specific gravity (as you like) is most often carried out as a percentage.
//
Specific Gravity Formula
The formula itself can be presented in various interpretations, but its meaning is the same and the principle of calculation is the same.
- The structure of the phenomenon should always be equal to 100%, no more, no less, if adding 100 shares did not work, then perform additional rounding, and the calculations themselves are best done with hundredths.
- It is not so important what structure you calculate - the structure of assets, the share of income or expenses, the share of personnel by age, gender, length of service, education, the share of products, the structure of the population, the share of costs in the cost - the meaning of the calculation will be the same, divide the part by the total, multiply by 100 and get the specific gravity. Do not be afraid of different words in the text of the problem, the calculation principle is always the same.
Specific Gravity Example
We check the sum of shares ∑d \u003d 15.56 + 32.22 + 45.56 + 6.67 \u003d 100.01%, with this calculation there is a deviation from 100%, which means you need to remove 0.01%. If we remove it from the group 50 and older, the adjusted share of this group will be 6.66%.
We enter the received data into the final calculation table
All direct problems for determining the specific gravity have this principle of calculation.
Complex structure - there are situations when a complex structure is presented in the initial data, several groupings are carried out as part of the phenomenon. The object is divided into groups, and each group, in turn, is not yet a subgroup.
In this situation, there are two ways to calculate:
- either we calculate all groups and subgroups according to a simple scheme, divide each number by the final data;
- or we count groups from a common given, and subgroups from the value of this group.
We use a simple structure calculation. We divide each group and subgroup by the total population. In this way of calculation, we find out the share of each group and subgroup in the total population. When checking, it will be necessary to add only groups - in this example, the urban and rural population in the total number, otherwise if you add up all the data, then the sum of the shares will be 200%, a double count will appear.
We enter the calculation data in the table
Let us calculate the share of each group in the total population and the share of each subgroup in the group. The share of urban and rural population in the total population will remain the same as in the calculation above 65.33% and 34.67%.
But the calculation of the shares of men and women will change. Now we will need to calculate the proportion of men and women in relation to the urban population or rural population.
That's actually all. Nothing complicated or difficult.
Good luck with your calculations!
If something in the article is not clear, ask questions in the comments.
And if suddenly it’s difficult for someone to solve problems, contact the group to help!