Enfilade scheme. planning systems. What to pay special attention to

The space-planning scheme of a building is the type of combination of workers, service, auxiliary and communication premises into a single composition. On the basis of the location and interconnection of the premises, the following types of space-planning schemes of buildings are distinguished - enfilade, with horizontal communications, with vertical communications (sectional), hall, combined and atrium (Fig. 3.9).

enfilade system

The enfilade system provides for a direct transition from one room to another through openings in their walls or partitions. Such a system allows the building to be designed very compact due to the absence (or minimum volume) of communication rooms. Since the main premises in the enfilade scheme are walk-throughs, it is fully used in a limited number of types of buildings of a predominantly expositional nature (museums, exhibitions). More often it is used partially in separate elements of the building, for example, between the front rooms of a mansion (cottage) or between the rooms of one educational group of a kindergarten.

System with horizontal communications

A system with horizontal communications provides for connections between the main premises through communication channels (corridors, galleries), due to which the main premises become impassable. The main premises in relation to horizontal communication can be located on one or two sides. The planning compactness and efficiency of the design solution of the building is achieved to the greatest extent with schemes with two parallel or ring corridors. The planning system with horizontal communication rooms is widely used in the design of civil buildings for various purposes - hostels, hotels, schools, hospitals, office buildings, etc.

Sectional system

The sectional system provides for the layout of a building from one or more similar fragments (sections) with repeating floor plans. At the same time, the premises of all floors of each section are connected by common vertical communications - stairs or stairs and elevators. The sectional system is the main one in the design of urban apartment buildings of medium and high-rise buildings, and is also fragmentarily included in the space-planning structure of hostel buildings, hospitals, schools, etc.

hall system

The hall system is based on the subordination of a relatively small number of utility rooms to the main hall, which determines the functional purpose of the buildings as a whole. The hall system was most widely used in the design of industrial and public, entertainment, sports, and exhibition buildings.

The hall system is used for buildings of single and multi-hall structures.

Atrium system

The atrium system - with an open or covered courtyard, around which the main premises are located, connected with it directly or through open (gallery) or closed (side corridors) communication rooms, has a variety of applications.

In addition to its traditional use in southern dwellings, in recent decades it has been used in the design of low-rise buildings with large halls - covered markets, museums, exhibitions, as well as in high-rise hotels and offices. The advantages of the system in open courtyards are in close connection between the open and closed spaces required by the technological scheme (in the market building - between stationary trading floors and the space for seasonal trade, in the museum building - between closed and open exposition, etc.). With covered atriums, the advantages are the presence of year-round functioning public spaces and an increase in the thermal efficiency of the building. The compositional and functional advantages of using atriums in multi-storey administrative and hotel buildings are the presence of a large public space and the possibility of improving the insolation of working premises.

Combined system

The combined (mixed) system, which combines elements of various systems, is used mainly in multifunctional buildings. So, for example, in a youth club, the hall system of entertainment and sports halls is combined with the corridor layout of the premises for club offices.

In addition to the functional scheme, the choice of the space-planning structure and the number of storeys of the building is greatly influenced by the conditions of climate, relief, and architectural environment. In severe climatic conditions, buildings almost inevitably acquire a compact form and a closed character, while in a favorable climate in buildings of the same purpose, another version of functional connections arises, providing for a close connection with the natural environment, and the composition of the building loses its compactness.

The non-standard layout of this small apartment posed a number of problems for the designers, which became possible to solve only by applying maximum imagination and knowledge on how to properly organize the space. Using these few photos as an example, we will consider how to make a cozy and stylish home out of a narrow, long apartment with only two windows, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is only 35 squares. The main task during the redevelopment and renovation was to make the most of the advantages of several niches in the wall and solve the problem of natural light. What solution did you find, and what came out of it, you will learn from this article. Surely, you will take some tricks into service.

Any apartment that is less than 40 sq.m. can be considered small. Additional difficulties arise if the apartment does not have a completely standard layout. In our case, we had to face a problem when in an apartment with an area of 35 sq.m. there are only two windows, and even those are located at opposite ends of the apartment, on the end walls - one next to the front door, and the second in the bedroom. In addition, the layout of the apartment leaves much to be desired. Naturally, the question arose of which interior design to choose for a two-room apartment, not only so that it is modern, but also so that the rooms are bright and sunny. The only right decision when re-planning such a narrow space was to use the enfilade principle of arranging separate rooms. "A few tips on how to visually enlarge a small bedroom" "Interiors for children's rooms of a small area" "A small apartment with a dressing room and a kitchen-dining room" "A small one-room apartment with a balcony and a fireplace" "A small glass house in the middle of a plain on the ocean."

The only right decision when re-planning such a narrow space was to use the enfilade principle of arranging separate rooms. A few tips on how to visually enlarge a small bedroom Interiors for children's rooms in a small area Small apartment with dressing room and kitchen - dining room Small one-room apartment with a balcony and a fireplace A small glass house in the middle of the plain on the ocean.

Additional difficulties arise if the apartment does not have a completely standard layout. In our case, we had to face a problem when in an apartment with an area of 35 square meters. there are only two windows, and even those are located at opposite ends of the apartment, on the end walls - one next to the front door, and the second in the bedroom. In addition, the layout of the apartment leaves much to be desired. Naturally, the question arose of which interior design to choose for a two-room apartment, not only so that it is modern, but also so that the rooms are bright and sunny. The only right decision when re-planning such a narrow space was to use the enfilade principle of arranging separate rooms. A few tips on how to visually enlarge a small bedroom Interiors for children's rooms in a small area Small apartment with dressing room and kitchen - dining room Small one-room apartment with a balcony and a fireplace A small glass house in the middle of the plain on the ocean. Michail Rybakov

To make it clearer, the enfilade - translated from French sounds like "in a row along the string." In architecture, this is a series of rooms located along the same longitudinal axis, that is, they follow each other. The front door opens a small living room for us, behind it there is a kitchen, a bathroom and the bedroom closes the series of rooms. The second problem in this apartment is the small number of windows. It is possible to increase the diffusion of natural light through light interior finishes, mirrors, transparent partitions and frosted glass doors. "Sliding interior doors" "Interior doors" "Installing compartment doors" "Installing a book door" "Plastic accordion doors" "Blind doors. Types and methods of installation" "Do-it-yourself door" "How to install a door" Thus - the window in the living room gives lighting also for the kitchen, and the window in the bedroom illuminates the bathroom.

The living room, compact in size, has a soft small sofa and modular white furniture. The apartment is located in the building of the 20s of the last century. Planning for the renovation of the apartment began with the choice of finishing materials. Since the walls were not quite even, besides, they had several deep niches, it was decided to finish with drywall. Working with this material does not require careful preparation of the base surface. It does not require special skills either. There are quite a few articles on our site from which you can draw the necessary knowledge. "Gypsum Board Walls" "Illuminated Plasterboard Ceiling" "How to Make a Plasterboard Ceiling" "Two-Level Plasterboard Ceilings" "Gypsum Board Ceilings in the Bedroom" "Gypsum Board Arch . Installation and photo" "Installation of plasterboard partitions" "Multi-level plasterboard ceilings"

Installation and photo Installation of a plasterboard partition Multi-level plasterboard ceilings

Working with this material does not require careful preparation of the base surface. It does not require special skills either. On our site there are many articles from which you can draw the necessary knowledge. Plasterboard walls Illuminated plasterboard ceiling How to make a plasterboard ceiling Two-level plasterboard ceilings Plasterboard ceilings in the bedroom Plasterboard arch. Installation and photo Installation of a plasterboard partition Multi-level plasterboard ceilings Michail Rybakov

For the flooring, a natural rosewood laminate was used. The paint for finishing the walls was also matched to match it. If for painting the walls it was enough to hide the seams between the plasterboard sheets, then before installing the laminate it was necessary to prepare the floor surface. If necessary, make a new screed. There are several options for laying laminate flooring. The simplest is the castle method. If you are not engaged in apartment renovation at a professional level, and you do not have the necessary skills, when choosing a laminate, pay attention to the way it is laid. "Laminate or linoleum, which is better" "Laying laminate with your own hands" "Laminate in the interior" "Glossy laminate" "Cork underlay for laminate" "How to lay laminate correctly" "Tool for laying laminate, carpet, parquet"

If you are not engaged in apartment renovation at a professional level, and you do not have the necessary skills, when choosing a laminate, pay attention to the way it is laid. Laminate or linoleum, which is better Laying laminate with your own hands Laminate in the interior Glossy laminate Cork underlay for laminate How to properly lay laminate Laminate, carpet, parquet laying tool

If for painting the walls it was enough to hide the seams between the plasterboard sheets, then before installing the laminate it was necessary to prepare the floor surface. If necessary, make a new screed. There are several options for laying laminate flooring. The simplest is the castle method. If you are not engaged in apartment renovation at a professional level, and you do not have the necessary skills, when choosing a laminate, pay attention to the way it is laid. Laminate or linoleum, which is better Laying laminate with your own hands Laminate in the interior Glossy laminate Cork underlay for laminate How to properly lay laminate Laminate, carpet, parquet laying tool Michail Rybakov

The transition between the living room and the kitchen is emphasized by steps with built-in chiselled lamps. The kitchen occupies the central space in the apartment. There are no windows, so only light shades are chosen for decoration. Glossy white kitchen cabinets with double rows of cabinets reflect light with their glossy surface, giving the impression of a sun-filled space. Cabinets do not have handles. This technique is used by designers in order to minimize the visual perception of cabinets. In a deep niche there is a refrigerator and a mini-laundry room. The walls in the white kitchen are covered with a waterproof varnish with a matte silky structure. "Quality painting - beautiful walls in the apartment" "Painting walls with water-based paint" "paint for walls" "Painting the ceiling" "Painting walls in the bathroom" "How to putty walls for painting" "Types of spray guns" In the dining area there is an elegant table with glass table top, stylish modern polypropylene chairs are complemented by an unusual lamp and wall paintings. "Paintings on the walls - affordable uniqueness" "Stencils and paintings on wallpaper for painting" for air conditioning and heating of the apartment, since its area is quite small, the compact split system was chosen. From the articles on our website you can learn in more detail how and what air conditioner to choose for an apartment or a private house. "Choosing an Air Conditioner"

From the articles on our website you can learn in more detail how and what air conditioner to choose for an apartment or a private house. Choosing an air conditioner

Cabinets do not have handles. This technique is used by designers in order to minimize the visual perception of cabinets. In a deep niche there is a refrigerator and a mini-laundry room. . From the articles on our website you can learn in more detail how and what air conditioner to choose for an apartment or a private house. Choosing an air conditioner Michail Rybakov

The walls in the kitchen in white are covered with waterproof varnish with a matte silky structure High-quality painting - beautiful walls in the apartment Painting walls with water-based paint wall paint Painting the ceiling Painting the walls in the bathroom How to putty the walls for painting Types of spray guns In the dining area there is an elegant table with a glass top, stylish modern polypropylene chairs are complemented by an unusual lamp and painting on the wall Drawings on the walls - affordable uniqueness Stencils and paintings on wallpaper for painting for air conditioning and heating of the apartment, since its area is quite small, the compact split system was chosen

Michail Rybakov

Cabinets do not have handles. This technique is used by designers in order to minimize the visual perception of cabinets. In a deep niche there is a refrigerator and a mini-laundry room. The walls in the kitchen in white are covered with waterproof varnish with a matte silky structure High-quality painting - beautiful walls in the apartment Painting walls with water-based paint wall paint Painting the ceiling Painting the walls in the bathroom How to putty the walls for painting Types of spray guns In the dining area there is an elegant table with a glass top, stylish modern polypropylene chairs are complemented by an unusual lamp and painting on the wall Drawings on the walls - affordable uniqueness Stencils and paintings on wallpaper for painting for air conditioning and heating of the apartment, since its area is quite small, the compact split system was chosen. Michail Rybakov

The bathroom is divided into three functional areas. The part of the wall between the bedroom and the bathroom is made of transparent glass and allows natural light from the window in the bedroom to penetrate into this room. The wall opposite from it is painted snow-white and equipped with wall cabinets with mirrored doors. This not only visually expands the space, but also, by reflecting the light falling on them, creates a bright and sunny atmosphere in the bathroom. " "Mirror corridors and mosaics in a small bathroom" "Mirrors in the interior of corridors and hallways" Ceramic tiles with a marine theme in the color of golden sand were chosen as the flooring for the bathroom. For the walls, small deep chocolate-colored tiles were used. If your bathroom walls are uneven, with niches, protruding edges, it is better to choose a tile of this small size. It is easier to spread it on the surface and in hard-to-reach places, besides, there will be much less waste from pruning. "Laying tiles in the bathroom" "Grouting ceramic tiles" "Ceramic tiles for the kitchen and bathroom" "Laying floor tiles in the bathroom" "Tiles for the floor" One of the niches is equipped with an almost inconspicuous cabinet with sliding doors for storing detergents and cleaning supplies.

The bathroom used several types of tiles of different sizes, colors and textures. Playing on the contrast of colors and sizes creates an incredibly stylish and impressively expensive design. In fact, in terms of material costs, the use of several types of tiles will not cost as much as one type. And even the mosaic decoration around the bath looks much more expensive than it really is. Well, you can learn how to lay mosaics and tiles in the bathroom yourself from our articles. "Floor mosaic" "Mosaic in the interior" "Correctly laying the mosaic" "Mosaic with your own hands" "Mosaic tiles for the kitchen" "Mosaic tiles for the bathroom"

Well, you can learn how to lay mosaics and tiles in the bathroom yourself from our articles. Floor mosaic Mosaic in the interior Properly laying the mosaic Do-it-yourself mosaic Mosaic tile for the kitchen Mosaic tile for the bathroom

It is easier to spread it on the surface and in hard-to-reach places, besides, there will be much less trimming waste. Laying tiles in the bathroom. Grouting ceramic tiles. Ceramic tiles for the kitchen and bathroom. Laying floor tiles in the bathroom. an inconspicuous cabinet with sliding doors for storing detergents and cleaning supplies. Several types of tiles of various sizes, colors and textures were used in the bathroom. Playing on the contrast of colors and sizes creates an incredibly stylish and impressively expensive design. In fact, in terms of material costs, the use of several types of tiles will not cost as much as one type. And even the mosaic decoration around the bath looks much more expensive than it actually is. Well, you can learn how to lay mosaics and tiles in the bathroom yourself from our articles. Floor mosaic Mosaic in the interior Properly laying the mosaic Do-it-yourself mosaic Mosaic tile for the kitchen Mosaic tile for the bathroom Michail Rybakov

And even the mosaic decoration around the bath looks much more expensive than it really is.

The bedroom in this apartment is quite small in size. However, a spacious wardrobe was placed here. "Wardrobe in the children's room" "50 design options for dressing rooms and wardrobes" "Do-it-yourself wardrobe. photo." "We make a dressing room from a pantry and a niche with our own hands. "Original bedroom with a dressing room and access to the terrace" Noteworthy is the bed white lacquered wood. With a lack of space, no matter what to occupy an already small space with unnecessary furniture, such a bed with drawers will come in handy. "Children's bed podium with a bookcase" In the bedroom, as in the whole apartment, light shades were chosen for decoration, and pillows and bedspreads of bright colors were used as bright accents. The combination of colors in the interior of orange, green, white create a sunny and warm atmosphere in the room.

The combination of colors in the interior of orange, green, white create a sunny and warm atmosphere in the room.

And even the mosaic decoration around the bath looks much more expensive than it really is. The bedroom in this apartment is quite small in size. Nevertheless, a spacious wardrobe was placed here Dressing room in the children's room 50 design options for wardrobe rooms and wardrobes Do-it-yourself wardrobe photo We make a wardrobe from a closet and a niche with our own hands An original bedroom with a dressing room and access to the terrace Noteworthy is a bed made of white lacquered wood . . The combination of colors in the interior of orange, green, white create a sunny and warm atmosphere in the room. Michail Rybakov

With a lack of space, in order to occupy an already small space with unnecessary furniture, such a bed with drawers will come in handy Children's bed podium with a bookcase In the bedroom, as in the whole apartment, light shades were chosen for decoration, and as bright accents used pillows and bedspreads in bright colors

Michail Rybakov

With a lack of space, in order to occupy an already small space with unnecessary furniture, such a bed with drawers will come in handy Children's bed podium with a bookcase In the bedroom, as in the whole apartment, light shades were chosen for decoration, and as bright accents used pillows and bedspreads in bright colors

And even the mosaic decoration around the bath looks much more expensive than it really is. The bedroom in this apartment is quite small in size. Nevertheless, a spacious wardrobe was placed here Dressing room in the children's room 50 design options for wardrobe rooms and wardrobes Do-it-yourself wardrobe photo We make a wardrobe from a closet and a niche with our own hands An original bedroom with a dressing room and access to the terrace Noteworthy is a bed made of white lacquered wood . With a lack of space, in order to occupy an already small space with unnecessary furniture, such a bed with drawers will come in handy Children's podium bed with a bookcase bright accents used pillows and bedspreads in bright colors.

The Hermitage is one of the largest art museums in the world, the exposition of which is located in more than 350 rooms located in several buildings.
It includes the Big (or Old Hermitage), the Winter Palace, the New Hermitage, the Small Hermitage and the Hermitage Theatre. And those are just the main buildings.

The ceremonial interiors of palaces occupy a special place in the planning of the Hermitage.

View of the Palace Square and the Winter Palace from under the arch of the main headquarters

Winter Palace

In the huge complex of buildings of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, I want to show only one of the components of its architectural richness .
These are enfilades and galleries of halls.

Anfilade is a series of rooms located one behind the other, the doorways of which are located on the same axis. The enfilade arrangement of rooms is most often found in palace-type buildings. The house with a suite of front rooms, with hospitably open doors allows you to see a chain of rooms that go into perspective. During the baroque and classicism, the principle of enfilade placement of front rooms or halls was dominant in the layout of the house..

There are countless examples. But in the Hermitage, one of the main and largest museum complexes in Russia, the enfilades are distinguished by their special magnificence.

Winter Palace from the Neva

Here are just a few examples of these ceremonial halls with their lined front doors, which give great effect to the whole layout of the palaces. A perspective of halls is created, as if stretching into boundless distances.

Big Hermitage. Enfilade of rooms of Italian art

Big Hermitage. Enfilade of rooms and offices

Loggia Raphael. Room for copies of frescoes by Raphael from the Vatican Palace.
The gallery was opened for viewing in 1792. Architect G. Quarenghi

New Hermitage. Upper vestibule and front staircase.
The halls of the New Hermitage opened to visitors in 1852. The gallery of the upper vestibule surrounding the stairs is decorated with sixteen columns of Finnish granite.

New Hermitage. Hall of twenty.
Twenty columns of the hall are made of Serdobol granite. Metal ceiling with polychrome painting. The floor is mosaic, the work of the Peterhof factory.

In all these photographs, there are perspectives of the halls located in one line.
Or galleries and columns in the same room, also going into perspective.

A similar technique for constructing a building plan creates a certain illusion of space.
The enfilades, halls with columns and galleries that go into perspective seem much longer than they really are.

Particularly interesting is the technique of enfilade construction of premises, compositionally connected by the axis of doorways. A reception that received a royal start in the palaces of St. Petersburg, and then picked up in hundreds of noble houses throughout the Russian Empire. In both capitals, in provincial centers, and in hundreds of mansions across the country. In Moscow Empire mansions, an enfilade was also actively used, even consisting of only three small rooms.
But the enfilades of palaces in St. Petersburg, created in the times of baroque and classicism, are large-scale works of architecture that will always amaze our imagination.

Living room. Leather armchair, Brocantique. Next to it is the Cicognino round table, designed by Franco Albini for Cassina. In the center is a Trinity table, Baxter. By the window is a Button table, B&B Italia, and a Bulb table lamp, Ingo Mauer. Raffles sofa and armchair, designed by Vico Magistretti for De Padova. Floor lamp Gräshoppa, Gubi. Chandelier Nimba, Santa & Cole. marble fireplace portal (1.8 x 2.7 m), 17th century.

“There are three elements to a project's success: the right location, a good budget, and a wise client,” says the architect. - The owner of this house near Moscow is just like that. He was not afraid of the fact that I basically do not do interior renderings, since I consider this activity completely pointless. The customer easily read drawings, sections and plans, although, according to my statistics, ten percent of people have this ability, the rest are just pretending. And if the client’s first ideas about the beauty of the interior were reduced to heavy classics, stucco and crystal, then after a couple of months he was well versed in modern design, enthusiastically discussed with me the radius of the transition from the wall to the ceiling, and without any renderings he understood that this technique creates an effect air dome and at times increases the volume of rooms.

Fragment of the living room. Guéridon table, design by Jean Prouvé, Vitra. Pipistrello table lamp, designed by Gae Aulenti for Martinelli Luce. Myworld sofa, designed by Philippe Starck for Cassina. Bronze and onyx wall lamp, designed by Lazzaro Raboni.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

The house with a total area of about two thousand meters is located on a forest plot surrounded by large trees. The enfilade layout helped fill the rooms with light. Hinged, as in old estates, the doors in some rooms are made retractable. The classical principles of symmetry are also solved in a modern manner. If on one side of the fireplace in the dining room there is a door, then on the other - its counterpart in the form of a blind opening lined with a mirror. The same solution was used in the design of the stairs, where one round hole is a through opening into the corridor, and the second is again a mirror. The soft lighting of the living room is created by arched windows that echo the smooth lines of lamps and ceiling cornices, and curtains made of thin linen, which the owner brought from Latvia.

Dining room. A sliding door to the right of a 19th century French fireplace leads into the living room. On the left is a mirrored opening of the same shape as the door. Above the fireplace - the work of Grigory Maiofis. Walnut cabinet, 19th century, Officina Antiquaria. AJ Royal floor lamp, designed by Arne Jacobsen, Santa & Cole. The walnut sconce and dining table were designed by architect Lazzaro Raboni. Skygarden pendant lights, designed by Marcel Wanders for Flos. Neve chairs, designed by Piero Lissoni for Porro. Grandfather clock, antique. Fireplace portal in Carrara marble, late 19th century. Curtains purchased by the customer made of thin Latvian linen provide soft diffused light.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

The stair railings were designed by the architect Lazzaro Raboni. Circles on the wall, one of which is an open opening to the corridor, and the other is a mirror, create an interesting game with space. A similar technique is used in the interior of the living room. Chandelier, Henge. Wall paint, Farrow & Ball.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

“The parquet in all rooms is the same, and fifteen complex shades of gray are used in the decoration of walls and ceilings, which are perceived by the eye as a single shell-cocoon,” continues Lazzaro Raboni. “This created a versatile backdrop that can absorb like a sponge objects of different times and styles, making the mix of modern design, vintage and antique furniture look tactful and soft. The cold color scheme is additionally softened by smooth architectural forms and arched openings and windows consonant with them.

A well-equipped music studio on the second floor is a tribute to the owner's hobbies. The acoustic walnut wall is adorned with a collection of autographs from great musicians. Vintage console for musical equipment bought in America. It is known that only a thousand copies of these were produced, and the first one was purchased by Frank Sinatra.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

Cabinet. Desk and shelving Bourgeois from Baxter. Lobby armchair, designed by Charles and Ray Eames, Vitra. Do With floor lamp, designed by Carlo Colombo, Oluce. Table lamp, vintage.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

Fifteen shades of gray are perceived as a single background thanks to the play of chiaroscuro

At the request of the owner, the main private rooms are located on the ground floor. The rooms pass one into another according to the enfilade principle and have side exits to a long corridor-gallery. Moreover, the enfilade layout is used not only in the combination of the living room-dining room-kitchen. Front sliding doors lead from the bedroom to the bathroom, which is designed as a full-fledged room with a chandelier and upholstered furniture.

The master bedroom is located on the first floor. Ermes bed, designed by Rodolfo Dordoni for Flou. Nightstands Sama, Flou. Track banquette, designed by David López Kincoses, Living Divani. Bra, Gubi. A laconic gypsum cornice in the form of a rounded transition from the wall to the ceiling with a radius of 55 cm creates the effect of an air dome and visually increases the volume of the room.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

Owner's bathroom. Zeppelin ceiling lamp, designed by Marcel Wanders for Flos. Cicognino black coffee table, designed by Franco Albini for Cassina. Armchairs, vintage, Officina Antiquaria gallery. Sliding doors are painted with lacquered enamel with patina effect.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

The scale of the living room is set by a huge, human-sized fireplace made of red marble. “A luxurious fireplace portal from the end of the 17th century was found in Italy,” says the architect. - But since the size - 1.8 by 2.7 meters, seemed downright defiant and required a supply of firewood from "half Siberia", I decided to reduce its proportions and the size of the firebox. To do this, he built an internal portal made of black marble into the fireplace and connected the whole composition with a floor slab made of solid stone.

Antique fireplaces add history and cosiness to a modern home

Cabinet fragment. The architect added a vintage brass fireplace portal with a plinth and a floor panel made of the same metal. On the wall - the work of Grigory Maiofis. Wall paint, Farrow & Ball.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

Many details of the interior - a walnut dining table, all sconces, stair railings, door fittings and even curtain rods - are made according to the architect's drawings. “This is the very reason I find it pointless to make 3D renderings of interiors in the first phase of a project,” notes Lazzaro. - If you want to do well, it is impossible to foresee everything in advance. Work on this house was carried out for four years, during which, as I said, the customer changed his ideas about the ideal house. He has come a long way from traditional classics to modern design classics, and something tells me that he is on the right track ... "

Detail of the master bedroom. Armchair and secretary, vintage.

Photo: GIORGIO POSSENTI

Chapter 3

We walked along the streets of old St. Petersburg, casually looking at the facades of tenement houses. Now I propose to look into the yards, deal with the intricate courtyard outbuildings, go up to the floors, go into the apartments. Somewhere our journey will be imaginary, in which written sources will help us, because wooden tenement houses have not been preserved at all. Of the stone tenement houses, only the latest in construction and the most fashionable remained without major repairs - about 23% of the houses in St. Petersburg did not undergo major repairs. And every year they become less and less. Through these houses, miraculously preserving the spirit of the old Petersburg apartments, our journey can be quite real.

The structure of old courtyards is especially well preserved. With rare exceptions, usually even newly erected houses instead of the destroyed outbuildings repeat the configuration of the old foundations. Therefore, we can get in touch with the wonderful labyrinths of genuine St. Petersburg courtyards. Passage yards can easily cross entire blocks. Yards are different in size and configuration: square and rectangular, trapezoidal, six- and octahedral, and even oval Art Nouveau. I invite you to look from the staircase windows into the light courtyards, whose area is sometimes a little more than 4 square meters. m (1 sq. sazhen).

CITY YARDS

In the last third of the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century, an apartment house was built along the street in the size of the plot. The side walls were made deaf, that is, without windows, so that the neighboring house could be attached close, as required by the continuous building of the streets with a “single facade”. These blank walls, built of refractory bricks to prevent the spread of fire from one building to another, were called "firewalls" (from German brandmauer - fire wall). The windows of the front rooms overlooked the street, and the windows of private rooms looked into the courtyard, surrounded by outbuildings around the perimeter - sheds, stables, woodsheds. All of them had an entrance from the yard, and to the borders of the site went out with the back side.

In the second half of the 19th century, especially in the central regions, due to the increasing density of urban development, a different type of courtyard began to spread rapidly, where residential outbuildings took the place of outbuildings. Some of the necessary sheds were forced out into the middle of the yard, some were built into residential buildings as a basement floor (laundry rooms, glaciers, cellars) or the first floor (coach sheds).

If the width of the site was up to 20 meters, then only one side wing was erected, the house took on the outline of the letter “G” on the plan (Fig. 1A); if the length of the plot allowed, an outbuilding parallel to the street one was attached to the side wing, and the plan of the house became similar to the letter “C” (Fig. 1B). If the width of the plot was more than 20 meters, then the yard was enclosed in a closed square with two side wings. Such development was called "perimeter" (Fig. 1B) and was the most common.

Large elongated sections made it possible to build two-sided transverse yard outbuildings, which made a single yard space into a suite of yards connected by passage arches (Fig. 1D) (for example, Gagarinskaya st., 3). Sometimes the building had two street facades, occupying the intra-quarter space between two parallel streets. This is how the famous St. Petersburg courtyards were formed (for example, the embankment of the Moika River, 20, - B. Konyushennaya st., 11; Kirochnaya st., 14, - Furshtatskaya st., 13).

When the site had a sufficiently large width, then inside the courtyard space, two-sided cross-shaped courtyard outbuildings were also erected (Fig. 1D), which created several parallel enfilades of courtyards interconnected by passage arches.

Much less common are examples of the layout of internal outbuildings not along the perimeter, but in the center of the site, forming two open courtyards in plan: “T”-shaped (Fig. 2A) and “H”-shaped (Fig. 2B). Such a layout of the yards made it possible to place rooms in two rows in the courtyard outbuildings, although the windows overlooked the close blank wall of the neighboring household.

Kurdoner - a courtyard open towards the street. A similar layout of tenement houses began to be intensively practiced at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Naturally, the homeowners wanted to get the maximum profit, namely, the courdonaire made it possible to increase the length of the “front” facade by two or two and a half times and, accordingly, increase the number of expensive apartments.

Building density in the middle of the 19th century was limited by the government. So, according to the Construction Regulations of 1857, the yard had to have an area of at least 30 square meters. sazhen (135 sq. m) with distances between outbuildings of at least 3 sazhens (6.4 m), if the opposite wall was without windows; and 6 sazhens (12.8 m) if the windows overlooked the courtyard on both sides. But these norms concerned only one household yard, all other yards could be even smaller - from 4 sq. sazhens (18 sq. m), since the distance between multi-storey stone outbuildings was not allowed to be less than 2 sazhens (4.26 m). It was these courtyards that began to be called "courtyards-wells."

All yards, according to the same charter, must communicate with the street or with other yards by passages with a width of at least 4.5 arshins (more than 3 m).

Light courtyards, unlike ordinary courtyards, were not connected by passage arches, and one could get into them only through the door from the back stairs (sometimes only through the window). They were used only for lighting - the windows of the utility rooms of the apartments (kitchens, corridors, latrines, closets) went out into them. Most often they were located in the corners of the household, where perpendicular outbuildings converged. The area of light courtyards, or light wells, must be at least 1 sq. sazhens (that is, less than 5 sq. m).

INTERNAL AND APARTMENT LAYOUTS

Gallery houses

At first, they tried to build tenement houses with galleries located along the perimeter of the courtyard (a type of house borrowed from Europe). For example, houses 1 and 3 on Muchny Lane, built at the end of the 18th century by P.S. Sadovnikov. From the open galleries there was an entrance to the apartment, and sometimes to each room (Muchnoy per., 9).

Here is how D.V. Grigorovich in chapter 3 of The Petersburg Organ Grinders, a gallery layout: “A small two-story wooden house, painted with the usual dirty green paint and towering in the corner of a dark courtyard, serves as their refuge. The exterior of such buildings is usually plastered with a gallery, which you can hardly climb up a shaky staircase.

Due to the cold climate, galleries in St. Petersburg did not take root, despite the fact that they even tried to glaze them (84, Fontanka River Embankment). The advantage of the gallery as a kind of common corridor was not appreciated by the Petersburgers, who were accustomed to enfilades and did not experience the slightest inconvenience in the passage rooms.

enfilade layout

The street building was always built on two sides, that is, its windows overlooked the street and the courtyard. Each apartment had two parallel suites of rooms. A front suite ran along the street façade, and the windows of the suite of living rooms also overlooked the courtyard. The rooms of the two enfilades communicated with each other. Such two-sided apartments (Fig. 1A) were valued, firstly, because of the prestige of the street facade, where half of the windows of the apartment faced, and, secondly, because of the possibility of through ventilation.

Outbuildings were built along the intra-quarter boundaries of the plots, which had one courtyard facade. The wall of the wing, overlooking the neighboring plot, was without windows. A courtyard outbuilding of a neighboring household was attached close to it.

Apartments in courtyard outbuildings, as a rule, are one-sided: all their windows face the courtyard. The rooms in the yard apartments (Fig. 2A) were also located enfilade: from the main staircase, first, almost square front rooms with two or three windows, followed by oblong living rooms with one window, the enfilade ended with a kitchen with utility rooms at the back stairs. Such a configuration of the rooms was explained by the fact that they had to occupy the entire width of a one-sided courtyard building, and it could be already 3 fathoms.

But there were also double-sided courtyard outbuildings. Then in them, as well as in street buildings, two-sided apartments were made, which were extremely valued.

After studying the plans of various types of apartments of Petersburgers, it turned out that in the second half of the 19th century there were fundamental changes in the layout of apartments - a transition from enfilade to closed rooms. Previously, for centuries, there was no need to divide the interior into partitioned rooms: a person did not feel the need for isolation and solitude. Then the interior of the house began to be divided into rooms, but open and not isolated. The chambers of ancient palaces and apartments, as a rule, are walk-through, connected in enfilades, and there is no complete privacy in any of the rooms. Of course, the reason is not the "inability" of architects or builders to plan the premises in a different way. The reason lies elsewhere - in the special sense of self of a person who constantly remained in sight and did not suffer any moral inconvenience from this.

Corridor layout

Only from the second half of the 19th century, separate closed chambers and rooms gradually began to appear in St. Petersburg. First, these are matrimonial bedrooms and offices, then other private rooms. Individuals begin to feel more strongly the need for solitude.

Since the 1860s, corridors have been planned in the apartments, and initially the enfilade is preserved, and the corridors play an auxiliary role - they are used by servants. This is how (according to modern housing terminology) adjoining-isolated rooms were born. In the street buildings, the corridors were located between two enfilades (Fig. 1B), and in the yard buildings - along the blank wall of the apartment (Fig. 2B).

Gradually, corridors began to be used more and more, sometimes without using interior doors. In the mid-1880s, apartments with isolated rooms began to be built. It is possible to determine the proportion of actually isolated rooms, since even interior doors that once existed, closed up and covered with wallpaper, are still indicated in the surviving floor plans.

From open plan to sectional

Initially, all rooms in stone houses were built within the main walls, and there were no boundaries between apartments. Depending on the desire and needs of the tenant, the number of rooms provided to him varied. The same premises could be rented as a single apartment, with two entrances; two apartments could be allocated in it, the entrance to one of them - from the front door, to the other (usually with fewer rooms) - from the back stairs; the maximum number of apartments is four, when separated street and courtyard enfilades of rooms were rented separately. The size of the apartment, that is, the number of rooms in it, was determined by the needs of the tenant. Kitchens could be located anywhere in the apartment.

By the middle of the 19th century, there was a division of rooms according to functions in apartments. With the advent of washstands and latrines connected by a pipe to a cesspool, it became necessary to locate utility rooms one above the other. A new layout of apartments is beginning to take shape - sectional, that is, the kitchens should be located one floor above the other, and not anywhere in the apartment, as it was before. As plumbing and sewer systems proliferated, sectional requirements became more and more stringent.

One of the earliest examples of a clear sectional scheme from the surviving buildings is the elegant house of A. Meyer (Marata street, 66), built in 1876 by the architect V. Schreter. The principle of sectional planning is the only one up to our time; nothing new has been invented in the planning of apartments for more than 100 years.

Small-sized layout

At the beginning of the 20th century, special houses appeared for the first time with cheap apartments for the poor. Since they were built not on individual funds, but on the funds of insurance joint-stock companies, huge plots were bought for construction, sometimes entire blocks, where the houses were located freely, instead of the usual continuous building. Due to the social changes taking place (the need for a woman to work), steps are being taken to move from a residential building to a residential complex, with a shop, an outpatient clinic, a canteen, a children's room. The layout of apartments has also changed. Since there was a general building central heating, sewerage, it became possible to abandon the back stairs. The apartments became one and a half times lower: 4 arshins instead of the usual 6 (that is, 2.8 m instead of 4.2 m). The average area of a room is about 11 square meters. m. Combined bathrooms are being made and in one-room apartments - kitchen niches instead of kitchens. To save space, the apartments were equipped with built-in furniture. But such houses were rare, they will become mass housing only after 60 years - the small-sized “Khrushchevs” familiar to us.

REDEVELOPMENT FOR LEASE

We examined buildings specially erected for tenement houses. But in the second half of the 19th century, already existing houses began to be remodeled for renting out quite intensively. By the end of the 19th century, mansions and other private houses in St. Petersburg accounted for less than one percent of the total.

Mansions turned into tenement houses

In the second half of the 19th century, few people kept mansions in the northern capital. The vast majority of owners of mansions convert them into separate apartments for rent. Naturally, the possibility of alterations depended on the layout of each mansion. Usually the homeowner kept the main second floor behind him, turning it into a separate apartment. The front rooms (study, bedroom, spare living rooms and guest rooms) with windows to the courtyard after the installation of partitions became personal living rooms. At the back staircase, which was used in the mansion by the servants, it was necessary to allocate a complex of utility rooms: a kitchen, rooms for servants, a water closet, a closet, etc.

The utility first floor and the third floor, where the private rooms of the owners of the mansion, as well as courtyard outbuildings, were redesigned for housing tenants. But more often, on the site of small one-story courtyard outbuildings, in which the manager and his family lived, servants, hosts and utility rooms (bathhouse, laundry, carriage and woodsheds, cellar, etc.), huge 4-5-storey courtyard outbuildings with apartments were erected. specially designed for residents. It also became customary to build the mansion itself on one or, more rarely, two floors.

Conversion into profitable traditional wooden houses

By the beginning of the 19th century, all wooden city houses stood on the red line of the street. Between the houses stretched a solid fence with a gate and a gate.

The layout of wooden houses in St. Petersburg has been preserved traditional. One-story and two-story houses were usually built in three types. The first type is a three-chamber dwelling, which consisted of two huts connected by a passage, the entrance to them was from the yard. The front hut, which had windows to the street, was usually intended for residents, while the back hut was occupied by the owners (Fig. 1). The front hut was divided by light (board) partitions, usually into four rooms: a “hall” and a bedroom along the windows overlooking the street, a kitchen and an entrance hall with side windows into the courtyard. The rooms, pasted over with tapestries (wallpaper), were heated by a Dutch stove, and the kitchen - by a Russian stove. The back hut, on the other side of the entrance hall, where the owners lived, in the first half of the 19th century could still be smoked, that is, heated “in black”. Usually the living space of the master's hut was not divided at all, sometimes it was distinguished by a partition (not up to the ceiling) "baby kut" (kitchen). In the hallway they fenced off a closet, rented out to lonely poor people. The closet could even have a window, but it was not heated.

The second type of layout of a wooden dwelling is five-walls, where the fifth (capital) wall usually divided the space of the hut into a clean half, located along the street facade, and into an economic one. The entrance to both rooms was arranged from the passage, stretching along the courtyard facade and having an entrance from the street (Fig. 2).

Five-walls were much rarer, and they belonged to poorer townspeople.

The third type of six-wall layout (or cross) had two main walls dividing the interior space. This house consisted of four log cabins put together with common internal log walls, the length of each wall, made up of two logs, reached 12 fathoms. The area of such houses was huge - more than 600 square meters. m. Inside each log house, the rooms were divided by light partitions, forming up to 16 rooms. This type of building was rare and only among very wealthy homeowners.

Outwardly, all three types are easily distinguishable. A three-chamber (“two huts across the canopy”) and a five-wall, both faced the street with three windows, but the five-wall had an exit with a porch to the street. The six-walled building could have an entrance both from the street and from the courtyard, but there were six windows along the facade. The floor of the first floor of any wooden St. Petersburg house rose above the ground by at least 1 arshin (0.7 m). All descriptions of the entrance to the house mention a porch. The roofs of houses, as a rule, were made gable, although there are references to four-slope ones. Under the roof is an attic.

By the middle of the 19th century, with the spread of rental housing, individual wooden houses turn into apartment buildings. First, by increasing the number of storeys, the second floor, which had a separate entrance from the street, was usually built on, and it was rented out to residents, and the first was used by the owner for housing and a commercial (shop, tavern) master's premises. Secondly, the extension of the log cabins, interconnected by stairwells. Thirdly, by partitioning the premises with internal partitions.

It is interesting to note that, imitating the urban tradition, in the clean half of the five-wall or in the front hut of the three-chamber space was divided into enfilade rooms: the doors led directly from room to room, and all of them turned out to be walk-through.

Wooden houses of traditional layout and rebuilt for rent were preserved in the outskirts and suburbs until the Great Patriotic War, when most of them died, being on the front line or being taken apart for firewood.

What has been preserved from the internal layout of tenement houses to the present day

The layout of apartments is usually kept well. But one must be very careful with divided apartments. If the apartment was located on the second or third floor, where there were multi-room so-called lordly apartments, then it always had two entrances: from the back and front stairs. If today the entrance to the apartment is arranged from one staircase, then it is quite obvious that the redevelopment took place in the post-revolutionary period, which is also evidenced by the presence in the apartment with the main entrance of the kitchen, converted from the living room.

The division of apartments on other floors often took place even before the revolution, as evidenced by census data, surveys of sanitary doctors and memoirs. So, the apartments of the basement floors were usually divided into a one-room Swiss apartment with access to the main staircase and a multi-room apartment with access to the back staircase, which was rented by the artel by seasonal workers, or it was used as "corner" residents. The apartments of the upper floors were also usually split up, an apartment with a large number of rooms appeared on the main staircase, and a smaller one on the black one.

The most common changes in the layout inside the apartments are blocked doors between enfilade rooms, their location is usually noticeable, and rooms divided by partitions, as eloquently indicated by the incomplete drawing of the ceiling light. These changes could also occur both before and after the revolution.

Taking into account the above features, it is quite reliable to judge the layout and size of apartments in tenement houses.

So, there have been changes in the layout of the apartments. With the ubiquity of plumbing, the design of multi-storey buildings became exclusively sectional, that is, the kitchens began to be located one above the other, and not anywhere in the apartment, as was done before. For apartments, the corridor structure becomes characteristic. The enfilade layout continues to be preserved in parallel with the corridor only in the front rooms of the manor apartments. If earlier any room had capital walls, then by the end of the 19th century, the premises of both the wooden houses of the suburbs with a traditional layout and the multi-storey stone houses of the center were increasingly divided by partitions, forming several rooms instead of one. This is due to the spread of rental housing. In the second half of the 19th century, there was a noticeable decrease in the area of rooms, both private and front rooms.

Typically, a purpose-built tenement house was built of stone, but 3% of the houses built were built of wood. Naturally, time, revolution, war and other cataclysms destroyed primarily wooden tenement houses. Now I know only one miraculously preserved house of a similar layout on the 5th line of Vasilyevsky Island, 58, and even then it has been settled and mothballed for many years in anticipation of a major overhaul (it is more likely that it will be demolished ...).