Why do you need to know the location of aquifers? Aquifer. Depth of the aquifer Aquifer

Modern man cannot exist without water. It is used not only in the drinking sphere, but also in the economic sphere. For those who live far from the city, a borehole and a well are the only sources of water. Before carrying out work on laying water on the site, you need to know exactly where the aquifer is located. And its quality directly depends on the depth of its occurrence. Aquifers are different from each other.

Types of underground veins:

Ground.
Interlayer.
Verkhovodka.

Interlayers are divided into:

free-flow
pressure

Knowledge of the hydrogeological features of the site is necessary not only for installing water supply, but also when building a house. The groundwater level is of particular importance. This data must be placed on a map of the site before construction.

Water is stored in the ground thanks to impermeable layers. Which consist of clay, which prevents water from flowing out and protects against pollution. Very rarely, the impermeable layer consists of stones. Sand layers are located between clay layers and retain moisture, forming water subsoil. Waterproof layers can be located on both sides or only on one.

Artesian waters are the deepest (more than 100 m) and are used for water supply. They lie not in sand, but in limestone. Due to which they have an unusual chemical composition.

A more accessible aquifer is the perched water. But it is not protected by a waterproof layer and is therefore not suitable for drinking.. The thickness of the layers varies in different areas. This occurs due to fracture of the layers. The topmost layer is called perchal water, due to its close location to the surface. It lies at a depth of up to 4 m. This layer is not found everywhere; it is formed due to the filtration of precipitation passing through the soil.

Reasons for the unsuitability of perched water for drinking purposes:

Inconstancy and low debit.
Lots of pollution.
Unsuitability to meet the needs of the population.

The presence of perched water directly depends on the amount of precipitation and floods. In the hot season it is very difficult to find. Often it is located on the upper water-resistant layer, when it emerges a swamp is formed. The water from this aquifer contains iron. Used as an additional source for household needs.

Groundwater is most often used to supply water to the private sector. For this purpose, wells and captages are built. Wells are drilled to interlayers. The first aquifer is formed ground water. They are not protected from above by a waterproof layer, and the soil layer is half filled. Unlike perched water, they are distributed everywhere. Depending on precipitation and time of year, their level varies. In summer and winter it is less than in spring and autumn.

The level exactly follows the relief, so the thickness differs in different areas. Depth of occurrence is 1-10 m. Mineral and chemical composition depends on the depth of the layer. If there is a river, lake or other source not far from the layer, then it can be used for drinking and other household needs. But first you need to clean up.

Water from interstratal layers is cleaner than from groundwater. Detection depth - from 10 m. There are pressure and non-pressure interstratal waters. The latter are very rare and are found in geological sections. According to their characteristics, they are suitable for water supply.

Pressure (artesian) ones are more common. Their chemical composition is constant and rich in mineral additives. The layer is protected from above and below. The quantity is always constant. Depth of occurrence is from 100 m or more. Wells are drilled to obtain artesian water..

Aquifer depth and quality

The deeper the aquifer is, the higher its quality. When constructing wells, the first water is encountered starting from 3 m from the surface. This is the first aquifer. The water there is contaminated with organic matter and chemicals coming from the surface. Wastewater easily seep into the first horizon. For the construction of a well, the optimal depth is 15–20 m. Interstratal and groundwater lie here. Artesian springs are located much deeper.

The construction of a well is justified if, according to geological exploration maps, the upper edge of clear water is located no deeper than 15 m. Digging wells to greater depths is not profitable. In terms of the cost of work, a well will cost less than a well. But besides the cost need to take into account the properties of water. The deeper the fence is, the better the quality. Decide for yourself what is more important to you, quality or price. And only after that choose a well or borehole.

Well

The well is built by digging to a depth of 15 m. To fix the walls, a wooden frame is used, brickwork, reinforced concrete rings of the required size. The use of the latter significantly speeds up the construction process.

Advantages:

Low price.
Possibility of manual lifting without using a pump. In places with frequent power outages, this is important.
If the well is regularly cleaned, it will last more than 50 years.

Flaws:

When debris gets in from the surface, water quality deteriorates.
Water supply is limited. The opinion that there is more water in a well than in a borehole is erroneous. This is due to the visual perception of the larger diameter of the well.
The walls of the well require regular repair and cleaning.

If you need a limited supply of water, then pay attention to Abyssinian well(needle well). The design is a pipe with a tip that is driven into the ground. The depth of the well does not exceed 8 m, so it is used in shallow locations.

Advantages:

Fast and easy installation.
Low price.
Good water quality, thanks to a design that prevents access to water.

Flaws:

Due to the small diameter, sampling is only possible with the help of a pump with a suction depth of 8 m.
At certain intervals it is necessary to completely dredge the well to prevent siltation.
The soil of the site must be soft; the well pipe must not be driven into the rock.

Advantages of wells:

The quality of the well and its service life directly depend on the drillers. With any error or violation of technology, quality and debit are reduced.

When choosing a design for water supply, pay attention to all aspects, not just price. The best option would be to hire a professional, who will select the optimal solution according to your needs and capabilities. Taking into account all the soil features on the site.

In the absence of personal plot With a central water supply, country house owners are forced to resolve the water supply issue on their own. The use of underground sources allows you to lead an autonomous existence with the maximum level of comfort. Before constructing a water intake, it is important for a private developer to have an idea of the location of aquifers, their characteristics, and search methods. In the future, this will help determine the choice of aquifer and the construction of the corresponding hydraulic structure.

Underground sources include waters located in layers of the earth's crust of different structure and depth. As a rule, aquifers are found in loose, granular or porous rocks, cavities and cracks in solid layers that can accumulate moisture. They are fed by melt water, precipitation, and seepage of water from lake beds, river beds and streams.

Depending on the conditions of occurrence of ground sources, the following types are distinguished:

Soil.
Ground.
Interlayer.
Artesian.

Soil water - perched water

They lie within a meter depth, spreading in the surface layers of the earth. In some cases, the perched water may be located much lower, but without reaching the groundwater horizon. Since soil water is formed from precipitation and penetrates into shallow layers, it cannot be called a full-fledged aquifer. The only advantage of this horizon is its easy accessibility.

The disadvantages of verkhovodka include the following:

The volume of soil water is seasonal and is related to the amount of precipitation.
The instability of the layer - its saturation depends on the amount of precipitation fallen during the year. During periods of drought, water may disappear.
Low water purification. The thin thickness of the soil does not allow it to fully retain chemical and organic impurities that affect the quality of the liquid.
High likelihood of contamination from fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides used in agriculture, products from landfills and industrial emissions.

ATTENTION! Verkhodka can only be used for irrigation and domestic needs. Without additional boiling, water is completely unsuitable for drinking due to its microbiological and chemical composition.

ground water

Like the high water, groundwater belongs to the first aquifer. Unlike the first type, such sources are located on the waterproof layer closest to the earth’s surface, in loose or cracked rocks. They are not covered with a waterproof layer on top. Replenishment occurs due to precipitation, snow melting, and water from rivers, streams, lakes, and irrigation canals.

Depth of this aquifer ranges from 7 to 30 meters.
Formation thickness from 1 to 3 meters.

IMPORTANT! The volume of groundwater resources is less dependent on precipitation levels. However, during the spring melt and heavy rains it grows. During a period of drought, it is depleted, the degree of replenishment of which is very difficult to estimate. This fact must be taken into account when drilling water wells or digging a well.

Since groundwater lies deeper, it undergoes partial filtration and purification to some extent. The chemical and bacteriological composition of water is influenced by the thickness of the soil and its composition. In this regard, it is recommended to regularly analyze water samples in specialized government laboratories.

In general, water extracted from the first horizon is suitable for domestic needs in all cases, but not always for drinking. It all depends on the location of the water intake and its depth. The deeper the aquifer is, the purer the water that rises from it.

Interlayer

Interstratal aquifers or a second aquifer are located between two impervious soil layers and are characterized by greater volume stability. The horizon is replenished due to the infiltration of groundwater through the thickness of low-permeability rocks. Depending on the movement conditions, two types of groundwater are distinguished:

Circulating in loose rocks (sand, pebble, gravel).
Accumulating in fractured rock formations (granite, limestone, dolomite).

Depth such a resource in the bowels of the earth ranges from 30 to 100 meters. Seeping through small pores, cracks and cavities, moisture undergoes natural purification. In most cases, it complies with the standards defined by SanPiN.

IMPORTANT! Depending on the rocks through which moisture passes, it may become saturated with dissolved iron, calcium and magnesium salts, as well as other elements. As a result, their concentration may exceed the maximum permissible values (MPC) determined by sanitary rules and regulations. If the maximum concentration limit is exceeded, additional equipment for water purification will be required.

Artesian

The artesian aquifer is found in deeper underground layers. It is found in specific geological structures:

Depressions.
Muldah (gentle tectonic troughs in the shape of a bowl or trough)
Flexures (knee-shaped bends of layered rocks).

The aquifer is enclosed in porous or crevice rocks located between two impermeable layers (limestone, granite, sandstone). Which makes the reservoir more protected from external factors. The pool is replenished remotely. The distance to the recharge source can be tens or even hundreds of kilometers. Overcoming such distances, water is naturally purified from impurities and contaminants.

Depth of artesian horizon from 100 to 1000 meters.

INTERESTING! Concave and convex geological structures, in the layers of which there are artesian aquifers, cause constant static pressure on the horizon. When drilling a well, the water level rises, much higher than the level of the waterproof roof. As a result, gushing can be observed.

The advantages of an artesian horizon include:

Large reserves.
High quality and purity.
Drinkable without further purification
Stable, unlimited volume.

Among the shortcomings can be identified:

Excessive mineralization.
Difficulty of extraction.
The high cost of installing artesian water intake.

ATTENTION! According to the law Russian Federation“About the subsoil” the water located in artesian aquifers is a state strategic reserve.

Main structures for water extraction

Depending on the location of aquifers on the site, their depth, availability of funds, needs for water and the purpose of its use, the appropriate extraction method is chosen.

wells

For domestic and agricultural needs, wells up to 5 meters deep are used. To obtain drinking water, mines are deepened to 10...15 meters. This is the most budget-friendly and simplest option for arranging a water intake. The presence of such a structure will solve the following issues:

with watering the garden;
with the availability of water for technical and domestic needs;

ATTENTION! For drinking purposes, water from a well can only be consumed after boiling.
When digging a mine, consider the volume of water that the well can produce. For the needs of a family, the average volume is about 250 liters. For easier water extraction, it is recommended to use an auxiliary device such as a special water pump.

Wells

Only wells provide clean drinking water. A trunk going deep (up to 50 meters) into the subsoil sandy horizon will be the most the best option ensure country house water. The purity of the moisture rising to the surface is explained by the fact that loams and sand, through which it enters the aquifer, serve as an excellent filter.

The service life of sand wells is limited due to depletion of this water horizon or siltation of the well. As a rule, such structures last an average of 8...10 years.
Artesian water intakes last up to 50 years or more, since the volume of aquifers is unlimited. Their water is of high quality.

To supply water to a country house, sand wells are mainly used. Compared to artesian water intakes, they are less expensive. In addition, you can drill them yourself without using expensive machines.

Map of depths in the Moscow region

map of the occurrence of artesian aquifers in the Moscow region

Pressure layers

The definition of pressure water refers to deep-lying water veins, as if sandwiched by water-resistant layers of the earth's crust, which creates pressure and creates pressure. These are artesian aquifers. They are present in tectonic faults, even forming entire underground basins; in some places there are pockets of access to the surface, and the power of the water flow depends on this. When an artesian well is made, with increased pressure, the water flow easily bypasses the waterproof roof and it is even possible to gush out of the well.

Advantages and disadvantages

The advantage is the quality of the water, the disadvantage is that the event is expensive and therefore suitable only as an option for a large settlement. However, for a large settlement such a structure will be less expensive, since unlike a well, from which you will have to pump water with an electric pump, here the energy costs will be significantly less and the well, in addition to convenience, will quickly pay for itself.

Unconfined layers

Groundwater that flows freely through gaps in soil layers, deeper than one and a half meters, interstratal water, does not have any pressure, and is called free-flow water, since it is not compressed by layers of rock. Only when occurring in the form of lens-shaped areas can they be characterized by low local pressure.

They pass through cracks in rocky areas of the earth's crust and spill between loose-grained soils. They are observed in rich aquiferous areas of our planet, dotted with a network of rivers and streams.

Advantages and disadvantages

Easy access to such waters along with the unreliability of these sources in terms of sanitary norms makes this type optimal for use as an additional one. Also, this option will be appropriate if we are talking about the need to create a water intake for the needs of a small number of people or if there is a lack of funds for a dacha settlement, obstacles in obtaining permission and registering an artesian well.

The main difference between pressure aquifers and non-pressure aquifers is that pressure water can form points of exit to the surface, breaking through in the form of springs and springs, most often found in faults, ravines, and at the foot of mountains.

Methods for determining burial depth

Plants with excess moisture requirements are excellent indicators of the location of aquifers. Even during periods of severe drought, growing in places rich in groundwater, they retain their lushness and rich green color.
The depth of aquifer veins is determined by the variety of these moisture-loving plants. For example, the presence of reeds indicates that water can be at a depth of one to three meters, thickets of cattails indicate the presence of groundwater at a depth of one meter, black poplar suggests water at depths of half a meter to three. Wormwood grows in places where aquifers pass three to seven meters deep, and alfalfa grows up to ten meters. Birch trees and alder can also be indicators of the presence of aquifers, while pine indicates a completely opposite situation.
To determine how deep aquifers lie, hand drilling is successfully used. This method is good for lands with soft soils. The drill is inserted into the ground and sequentially at each stage of deepening the soil is inspected for moisture.

Where water is readily available, a well is suitable, but in places where aquifers lie deep, a well is the best option.

The well is made with a depth of 10-15 m, while the well is driven into the soil to a depth of significantly more than 15 m, its size can reach up to fifty meters. Wells of a relatively small depth can be installed on your own, whereas if we are talking about a greater depth of 30-50 m, then drilling rigs are used.

The well produces higher quality water and is a more stable source of aquatic resources.

A well is more accessible, but produces lower quality water. In addition, the possibility of extracting water using a well is not available everywhere, whereas installing a well would be a more universal method of water intake.

An aquifer or horizon is several layers of rocks that have high permeability to water. Their pores, cracks or other voids are filled with groundwater.

General concepts

Several aquifers can form an aquifer complex if they are connected hydraulically. Water is used for water supply in forestry, for irrigation of forest nurseries, and in human economic activities. When they come to the surface, they can become a source of swamping of the area. This may contribute to the formation of lowland and transitional swamps.

Water permeability

An aquifer is characterized by the permeability of rocks. Water permeability depends on the size and number of interconnected cracks and pores, as well as on the sorting of rock granules. The depth of the aquifer can be different: from 2-4 m (“top water”) and up to 30-50 m

Well-permeable rocks include:

gravel;
pebbles;
fractured and intensely karst rocks.

Water movement

There may be several reasons for the movement of water in the pores:

gravity;
hydraulic pressure;
capillary forces;
capillary-osmotic forces;
adsorption forces;
temperature gradient.

Depending on the geological structure, the rocks of the aquifer can be isotropic in terms of filtration, i.e., the water permeability in any direction is the same. Rocks can also be anisotropic, in which case they are characterized by a uniform change in water permeability in all directions.

Depth of aquifers in the Moscow region

It is not the same throughout the Moscow region, so for ease of study it was divided into hydrological regions.

There are several aquifer areas:

Southern region. may be within 10-70 m. The depth of wells in this area varies from 40 m to
Southwestern region. The water horizon is not abundant. The average depth of wells is 50 m.
Central District. This is the largest area by area. It, in turn, is divided into Big and Small. The average thickness of the horizons is 30 m. The waters here are carbonate, carbonate-sulfate.
Eastern region. The depth of the aquifer in this area is 20-50 meters. The waters are mostly highly mineralized and therefore unsuitable for water supply.
Klinsko-Dmitrovsky district. It consists of two upper carbonate horizons: Gzhel and Kasimov.
Volga region. The average depth of the aquifer is 25 meters.

This general description districts. When studying aquifers in detail, the composition of the layer’s waters, its thickness, specific flow rate, sediment density, etc. are considered.

It is worth noting that the hydrogeology of the Moscow region distinguishes one aquifer complex, which is divided into several horizons of Paleozoic coal deposits:

Podolsk-Myachkovsky layer of the Middle Carboniferous;
Serpukhov aquifer and Oka formation of the Lower Carboniferous;
Kashira aquifer of the Middle Carboniferous;
Kasimov layer of Upper Carboniferous;
Gzhel aquifer of the Upper Carboniferous.

Some aquifers have low water saturation and high mineralization, so they are unsuitable for human economic activity.

The aquifer of the Serpukhov and Oka formations of the Lower Carboniferous has a maximum thickness relative to other aquifers - 60-70 meters.

The Moscow-Podolsk aquifer can reach a maximum of 45 meters in depth, its average thickness is 25 meters.

How to determine the depth of an aquifer

A sandy aquifer is a conditional name, since this horizon may consist of pebbles, a mixture of sand and pebbles. Sandy aquifers have different thicknesses, and their depths also vary.

If we consider the hydrogeology of the Moscow region and the adjacent areas, we can say with confidence that groundwater can be found already at a depth of 3-5 meters, depending on the relative height of the area being studied. The depth of the aquifer also depends on the nearby hydrological objects: river, lake, swamp.

The layer closest to the surface is called “upper water”. It is not recommended to use its water for food, since this layer is nourished by precipitation, melting snow, etc., so harmful impurities can easily get here. However, “verkhodka” water is often used on the farm, and it is also called “technical water”.

Good filtered water is found at a depth of 8-10 meters. At a depth of 30 meters there are so-called “mineral waters”, for the extraction of which artesian wells are built.

Determining the presence and depth of the upper aquifer is relatively simple. There are many folk methods: using a vine or a metal frame, using the method of observing plants growing in the area.

It's no secret that there is water underground. This has been known since ancient times, which is confirmed by the practice of constructing wells and boreholes. Sometimes underground moisture is the only source of water supply in a particular area. For example, the Sahara Desert has huge reserves of it, which allows local nomads not to die of thirst. Some groundwater is used in medicine. But among them there are those with which a person is forced to fight from time to time - groundwater (or GW).

Water underground

The regime of groundwater is the changes that occur with it depending on the season, precipitation, anthropogenic and geological processes. Their quantity and composition depend on all this.

There are several theories about where water underground comes from. All of them have a right to exist, since observations show the presence of all of them. The whole question is in the proportion of the active factors in different aquifers. The following ways of formation of underground aquifers are distinguished:

The speed of these processes varies, as do the formation features in a particular region. Thus, in mountainous areas where there was violent volcanic activity in the past, the water becomes mineralized as it moves down. In other places, mineralization is less developed, but still occurs. In this case, neighboring aquifers may have different chemical compositions.

Aquifers

Aquafer, or aquifer, is a layer of sedimentary rock, which is characterized by a certain permeability. These layers are delimited by waterproof layers, most often clay. The layer above the aquifer is called the roof, and below it is called the base.

There are various classifications of aquafers, but among them the interesting ones are those that have the greatest economic importance; Legislative regulation also plays an important role.

Aquifers are divided into:

Pressure, or interlayer. They are under pressure and located at depths that require drilling. The pressure can be high, and the well will flow out. Such waters are called artesian.
Gravity, or ground. These waters are subject to aeration because they do not have a waterproof roof.

The first type of water is a mineral resource, and a license is required for its extraction. The second one you can take in any quantity. The legislation regulates the intake of water that serves as a source of centralized water supply, and this is artesian water.

This is not to say that aquifers do not communicate with each other in any way. In practice they are always interconnected. Any interstratal layer has a feeding area, a pressure area and a discharge area, while feeding is carried out precisely due to ground moisture. The unloading area can be represented by several options:

a source coming to the surface;
infiltration of artesian water into groundwater at the site of a roof rupture;
underwater springs feeding reservoirs; There are entire lakes with exactly this type of nutrition.

Thus, the upper aquifer, which occupies an intermediate position between the surface and interstratal ones, serves as a source of nutrition for both and depends on them.

In one of the villages, the owner of the site decided to drill a well “into the sand.” The plot was purchased not so long ago and transferred from the category of agricultural land to the category of individual housing construction. After drilling from a well water began to flow, but it was not suitable for drinking or watering the garden: the salt content exceeded all limits and, in terms of the degree of mineralization, the water fit the concept of “medicinal.” There was a mineral water discharge zone nearby, but the owner did not take this into account. As it turned out, he was only mistaken by two meters.

Properties of water in soil

Since it is the unconfined formation that people most often encounter, it makes sense to talk about it.

Unconfined aquifers have varying thicknesses. It is determined by the average distance from the waterproof base to the upper level, which can be observed in wells.

Ground water level

This is a non-constant value. How far the water will be from the surface of the earth depends on several factors:

the amount of precipitation;
the water level in the reservoir, to the watershed of which the specific horizon belongs;
season;
availability of mining sites nearby;
land reclamation;
availability of drainage systems.

Thus, the groundwater level increases in the spring, when seasonal permafrost thaws and floods begin. During heavy rains, it also increases, but the rate of infiltration of precipitation, forming the so-called perched water, depends on the permeability of the soil. For example, sand absorbs moisture quickly, and loam - slowly. The soil between the earth's surface and the upper water level is called the aeration zone, and everything below is the saturation zone.

For more high level forests maintain moisture. Moreover, the regime of groundwater and surface water in the area of river valleys is closely interconnected. If forests are cut down along the river, then the river gradually becomes shallower; affects how reduction of catchment area, and clogging of the channel by coastal rocks during precipitation.

The reduction of ground water level is facilitated by the extraction of mineral resources and the installation of drainage systems, and in the second case this is done purposefully, and in the first it is a side effect.

Chemical composition

As you know, distilled water is only in laboratories. The underground has a different amount of minerals, and according to their content it is divided into five degrees of mineralization:

fresh, with salt content up to 1 g/l;
slightly salty, 1−3 g/l;
brackish, 3−10 g/l;
salty, 10−15 g/l;
brine, more than 50 g/l.

Not only the amount of dissolved substances, but also their composition is of practical importance. It depends on the composition of the filtering layers of the soil and the HW mode. Thus, the chemical composition of waters with different directions and flow speed.

Some components contained in water can destroy stone, metal and concrete. The rate of destruction varies, but in any case aggressive environment reduces the service life of the underground part of the building, so the study chemical composition of water should be carried out before laying the foundation.

Standard indicator of medium acidity for concrete structures- pH=6. Lowering or exceeding it is fraught with destruction of metal and concrete. This is caused by the activity of the following substances:

The concentration thresholds for these substances vary greatly. It all depends on the filtering capacity of the soil and the type of concrete used.

The reasons that increase the aggressiveness of hepatitis B are most often natural phenomena. Thus, the abundance of limestone in the soil cannot but affect the content of calcium and carbon dioxide in the water, and the presence of a swamp makes it acidic. Human activities also influence the chemical composition of humic substances; sometimes it is direct, especially in areas where industrial mining enterprises are located, and sometimes it is a consequence of a lack of knowledge.

In coastal areas you can encounter the phenomenon of salt water in wells. It arrives there in cases where fresh water is pumped out uncontrollably and water supplies are replenished by infiltration from the sea. The closer the source is to the sea, the less time the water has time to free itself from salts and over time it becomes unfit for drinking. In this regard, some countries, for example, Israel, control the level of HS, which is very important in arid climates.

Foundations and water

During construction, it is necessary to take into account both the groundwater level and the composition of water and soil. The most important parameters affecting type of foundation construction and the materials used are the ratio of groundwater level and freezing depth, as well as the chemical properties of water.

Determination of burial depth

Many people living in central Russia are familiar with the phenomenon of frost heaving of soils. It is caused by the freezing of moisture in the pores and capillaries of loams and sandy loams. Sand and rocky soils are not prone to heaving. The forces of frost heaving can destroy an improperly laid foundation.

If there are such soils on the site, two parameters should be determined: the freezing depth in your area and the groundwater level. If groundwater is located below the freezing depth, the base of the foundation can be located above it, as far as the bearing capacity of the soil in relation to the weight of your house allows. For high groundwater levels, there are several solutions:

The base of the foundation can be placed 20 cm below the freezing depth. This solution is applicable for heavy buildings, which is due to the greater load-bearing capacity of the underlying layers.
You can lower the water level by draining the area and draining it into a storm drain. This measure has worked well where such a sewer system exists or is easy to construct.
Raise the level of the area using crushed stone and sand so that the groundwater level is below the freezing level. A forced and expensive measure, but there is no alternative where the site is located in a lowland.
Insulate the soil near the house using heat-insulating slabs, and compensate for the insufficient load-bearing capacity with the width of the sole, up to the filling of a single monolithic pillow.

Concrete for aggressive environments

Complete protection against chemical aggression has not yet been invented, otherwise everything reinforced concrete structures would stand forever. But some measures will help extend the life of your underground structure. They are designed to protect the structure from moisture penetration and reduce the negative impact of the latter if it does leak inside.

If you want a house with a basement, try to get rid of excess hot water on the site. No matter how carefully you protect your foundation, believe me, water will find a hole.