If a country house is designed not only for the periodic arrival of its owners during the summer season, but for a long or even permanent residence in it, then you can’t do without a heating system. This issue is always carefully thought out even at the design stage of construction or reconstruction, and is taken into account when buying ready-made housing.
This question is extremely serious, requiring scrupulous consideration of all existing conditions: the periods of future operation of the building, the climatic zone of the area, the availability of power supply lines, engineering communications, design features of the building, the total estimated cost of the implementation of a project. And yet, most often, homeowners come to the conclusion that the best solution would be water system closed-type heating in a private house.
This publication will review basic principles closed system, its differences from the open one, existing advantages and disadvantages. Attention will be drawn to the main elements of such a system with recommendations for their selection, typical wiring diagrams for the heating network in the house are given.
Closed heating system in a private house - main features
A private house can be heated in different ways.
- For a long time, the main source of heat was one or more stoves (fireplaces), each of which heated one or another part of the building. The disadvantages of this approach are obvious - uneven heating, the need to carry out regular fireboxes, monitor the combustion process, etc.
Furnace heating is already “yesterday” Currently, this type of heating is used less and less, and as a rule - with the absolute impossibility or complete inexpediency of using another, more efficient system.
- Electric heating system using convectors or oil coolers- extremely expensive to operate due to the high price of electricity and its high consumption.
True, alternative methods appear, in the form of film infrared elements, but they have not yet gained wide popularity.
- Most of the owners of private houses still stop at water heating. This is a proven efficient system, which, by the way, can operate from almost all sources of energy - natural gas, liquid or solid fuel, electricity, which makes it completely universal - the difference is only in the type of heating boiler. A well-calculated and properly installed water heating system ensures uniform distribution of heat throughout all rooms, and is easily adjustable.
Not so long ago, the main scheme for organizing water heating in a private house was open with the gravitational principle of moving the coolant through pipes and radiators. Compensation for the thermal expansion of water was due to the presence of a leaky one, which was installed at the highest point of the entire circuit of the heating system. The openness of the tank, of course, causes constant evaporation of water, so there is a need for constant monitoring of its required level.
The movement of the coolant through the pipes is ensured in this case by the difference in the density of cold and heated water - the denser cold one, as it were, pushes the hot one forward. To facilitate this process, an artificial slope of the pipes is created along their entire length, otherwise the effect of hydrostatic pressure may occur.
It is quite possible to embed into an open system and circulation pump This will drastically increase its effectiveness. In this case, a valve system is provided so that it is possible to switch from forced circulation to natural and vice versa if necessary, for example, during power outages.
The closed-type system is arranged somewhat differently. Instead of an expansion tank, a sealed compensation tank of a membrane or balloon type is installed on the pipe. It absorbs all thermal fluctuations in the volume of the coolant, maintaining one pressure level in a closed system.
The main difference between a closed system is the presence of a sealed expansion tank IN currently this the system is the most popular, as it has many significant advantages.
Advantages and disadvantages of a closed heating system
- First of all, there is no evaporation of the coolant. This gives one important advantage - you can use not only water, but also antifreeze in this capacity. Therefore, the possibility of freezing of the system during forced interruptions in its operation is eliminated, for example, if it is necessary to leave the house for a long time in winter.
- The compensation tank can be located almost anywhere in the system. Usually, a place is provided for it directly in the boiler room, in the immediate vicinity of the heater. This ensures the compactness of the system. An open-type expansion tank is often located at the highest point - in an unheated attic, which will require its mandatory thermal insulation. In a closed system, this problem does not exist.
- Forced circulation in a closed system provides heating of the premises much faster from the moment the boiler is started. No unnecessary losses of thermal energy in the area of the expansion tank.
- The system is flexible - you can adjust the heating temperature in each specific room, selectively turn off some sections of the general circuit.
- There is no such significant difference in the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet - and this significantly increases the period of trouble-free operation of the equipment.
- For heating distribution, pipes of a much smaller diameter can be used than in an open system with natural circulation without any loss in heating efficiency. And this is both a significant simplification of installation work, and significant savings in material resources.
- The system is sealed, and with proper filling and normal operation of the valve system, there should simply be no air in it. This will eliminate the appearance of air pockets in pipelines and radiators. In addition, the lack of access to oxygen contained in the air does not allow corrosion processes to actively develop.
Underfloor heating can also be included in a closed heating system - The system is highly versatile: in addition to conventional heating radiators, water “warm floors” or convectors hidden in the floor surface can be connected to it. A domestic water heating circuit is easily connected to such a heating system - through an indirect heating boiler.
The disadvantages of a closed heating system are few:
- The expansion tank must have a larger volume than with an open system - this is due to the peculiarity of its internal design.
- Requires installation the so-called "security group"– safety valve systems.
- The correct operation of a closed heating system with forced circulation depends on the continuity of the power supply. It is possible, of course, to provide, as with the open type, switching to natural circulation, but this will require a completely different arrangement of pipes, which can reduce a number of the main advantages of the system to zero (for example, the use of "warm floors" is completely excluded). In addition, the heating efficiency will also decrease sharply. Therefore, natural circulation, if it can be considered, is only as an “emergency”, but most often a closed system is planned and installed specifically for the use of a circulation pump.
The main elements of a closed heating system
So, the composition of the general closed-type heating system for a private house includes:
- heating device - boiler;
- circulation pump;
— system of distributing pipes for heat carrier transfer;
- Expansion compensation tank of sealed type;
- heating radiators installed in the premises of the house, or other heat transfer devices (“warm floors” or convectors);
— safety group — valve system and air vents;
- necessary shut-off valves;
- in some cases - additional automatic control and management devices that optimize the operation of the system.
Heating boiler
- by the most widespread are . If a gas main is connected to the house or there is a real opportunity to lay it, then most owners without an alternative prefer this particular method of heating the coolant.
Gas boilers - the best solution if it is possible to install them Gas boilers are distinguished by high efficiency, ease of operation, reliability and cost-effectiveness in terms of paying for energy. Their disadvantage is the need to coordinate the installation project with the relevant organizations, since such a heating system has very special safety requirements.
The variety of gas boilers is very large - you can choose a floor or wall model, with one or two circuits, simple in device or saturated with electronics, requiring connection to a stationary chimney or equipped with a coaxial combustion products exhaust system.
- They are usually installed in those conditionswhen gas supply to the house is impossible for some reason. Such an installation will not require coordination - the main thing is that the requirements of electrical safety and compliance of the boiler power with the capabilities of the electrical network are observed. Such heaters are distinguished by compactness, simplicity and ease of adjustment.
Heating systems with electric boilers have a well-established reputation for being “uneconomical” due to the rather high cost of electricity. This is only partly true - modern electric heaters, thanks to new technologies for heating water, have a very high efficiency, and with reliable insulation at home should not burden the budget too much.
In addition to the well-known boilers with heating elements (which are really not very economical), modern developments are actively used.
"Battery" of three electrode boilers For example, they are widely used in which heating is carried out due to the flow alternating current directly through the coolant (however, it will require a specially selected chemical composition water in the system). By themselves, such boilers are inexpensive, but there are certain problems with adjustment.
Induction boiler - unpretentious and very economical In Russia in winter period severe colds are coming, so having a quality water heating in a private house is simply necessary. Such a system has primacy over the others, since over the years it has already managed to show itself from the best side. Stove and fireplace heating today is no longer so effective - this is just a tribute to our rich history.
In a cold and snowy winter, heating is indispensable ...
The principle of operation of water heating
Water heating of a private house has gained such popularity that in fact it is a simple mechanism. There is a closed circuit where the boiler heats the water to the required temperature, the water goes through the pipes to the batteries or radiators in the premises and gives off heat, after which it returns to the boiler.
Water heating scheme
In addition to the main elements - the boiler, pipes and radiators, the system may also include additional ones. The expansion tank is used to drain excess water that has appeared during heating. Also, thanks to the tank, there is no oxygen in the system. Another element is the circulation pump. This device serves to maintain a continuous circulation of water in the system, with the help of such a pump, the rate of heating of the room temperature increases due to the fact that the water moves faster. Also in the system there may be a pressure gauge, a thermostat, an air vent, safety valves.
Choosing equipment for heating in a private house
The most important equipment that properly provides water heating in a private house is a boiler.
When purchasing a boiler, it is usually assumed that the power is 1 kW per 10 sq.m of the room that is heated.
It is also taken into account that the height of the ceilings is taken no more than 3 meters. In addition, the volume of the room, the level of insulation of the house itself, the size of the windows and additional heat consumers are taken into account.
So, with an area that is heated, the boiler power will be equal to:
- 60 - 200 sq.m. – up to 25 kW;
- 200 - 300 sq.m. - 25-35 kW;
- 300 - 600 sq.m. - 35-60 kW;
- 600 - 1200 sq.m. – up to 100 kW.
To equip water heating in a country house or in a private house, you can choose an electric boiler with an area of 30-1000 sq.m. power 3-105 kW. But electric boilers have disadvantages - the high cost of electricity, constant interruptions and drops in electricity, its insufficient power.
electric boiler
The pipeline must also be carefully selected. Pipes are used different materials, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In the old days, steel pipes were the most common. But today they are used less often. After all, such pipes are more susceptible to corrosion processes.
That is why stainless steel or galvanized pipes are now more often used.
Copper pipes are also gaining popularity. They are able to endure high temperatures, they are durable in themselves, so copper pipes are the most reliable. But they are not cheap either. In addition, in recent years, more and more often you can find water heating in wooden house with polymer pipes. Such pipes are made of metal-plastic or propylene (with the participation of aluminum). Pipes made of such materials are durable, resistant to corrosion, and sediment is not deposited inside them. But they have a fairly high coefficient of expansion when heated.
Boiler piping with copper pipes
What are the heating schemes of a private house
Schemes of water heating of a private house can be single-circuit and double-circuit. The single-circuit system serves only for heating the room. This is a simpler and more inexpensive system, which is suitable if you have a house up to 100 square meters. Such a system includes a single-circuit boiler and atmospheric exhaust, single-pipe wiring with pipes made of steel or polymers, cast-iron, steel or aluminum radiators.
Single-circuit and double-circuit water heating system
A single-circuit heating system can be improved with a two-pipe wiring, the addition of a circulation pump, thermostatic valves on radiators.
If you want to equip a single-circuit system for heating water for domestic needs, then reconsider the installation of a geyser or boiler. In another case, you can make a two-circuit system, which is designed not only for heating, but also for heating water.
The double-circuit water heating system of a private house is a very convenient option.
Here, the boiler is comfortable with the need for hot water for a family of no more than 4 people. Water must be tap or softened, hard water from a well will not work. It is possible to equip two single-circuit systems, the first of which will be “responsible” for space heating, and the second for water heating. Thanks to such a system in the summer, you will only use the water heating system, and only 25% of the boiler power is spent on it.
Pipe laying
The water heating system of a private house involves the use of three options for piping - one-pipe system, two-pipe and collector.
A single-pipe system is a system where the heated coolant (water) from the boiler sequentially flows from one battery to the next. Such a system has one big drawback - it is very difficult to manage the wiring here, since when water is blocked in any of the radiators, the rest are also blocked.
Single pipe system
In a two-pipe system, for each radiator there is a pipe with hot and cold water. So, with such a system, water heating at home can be regulated very conveniently.
Two-pipe heating system
Another system is the collection system. It is also called beam. Here the mechanism works in this way: from the collector (which is a device that collects water), two pipes are connected to each heating device - a direct and a return one. Thanks to this, you can easily mount the system with concealed wiring pipes, you can maintain a certain temperature regime of a separate room and regulate it.
If you have a two-story house
Today, water heating schemes for a two-story house are very different. It can be both a collector system and a two-pipe wiring. Single-pipe wiring (one in which radiators are connected in series) is now less often used as a water heating circuit one-story house, and two-story.
A two-pipe scheme for a two-story house is a versatile and practical option.
There are two pipes for each heating device - for supplying and discharging water. Experts advise to do this: put a control valve in front of each radiator.
The collector circuit in a two-story house is quite an expensive pleasure. Water heating of a two-story house with such a system, despite this, is also popular. After all, here the advantage is obvious - the installation of the pipeline is hidden, so the interior does not deteriorate. In this case, the boiler is placed on the first floor, the expansion tank on the second. The pipeline is located under the floor, ceiling or window sills, so there is a great opportunity to hide it.
The collector system is also very efficient because here a control valve is placed on each radiator. This is very convenient, because depending on your needs, you can set your own climate.
Collector heating system of a two-story house
Alternative methods of water heating of a private house
In addition to traditional heating with a heating boiler, there are other types of water heating for a private house. Such modern systems effective as the main heating systems of the house, or additional.
Very often today you can hear such a phrase - the "warm floor" system. In principle, a warm floor is the same water heating of private houses, which can also be used as an addition to the main heating. Underfloor heating has advantages - there is a large heat transfer area. Indeed, in this case, the floor of the room is practically a large radiator. Yes, and the air warms up in this way correctly - it is warm below, and a little cooler above.
Warm water floor
Thanks to the underfloor heating system, it is possible to reduce the operating temperature of the coolant (no more than 55 degrees Celsius). You can also set the heat output within the required limits.
The disadvantages of the underfloor heating system are that such a system is difficult to install, and with an already completed repair it is impossible, or you will have to raise the floor or deepen it.
Another option for alternative water heating is baseboard heating. In fact, baseboard water heating of houses is an average between a radiator system and a warm floor. In this case, heating equipment is placed around the perimeter of the room at the level of the plinth. Thanks to this, both the walls and the floor are evenly heated. The air in the room is also uniform. With such a system, water heating country house or a private house will allow you to equip the interior without large radiators, and all this without heat loss.
Baseboard heating
Conclusion
Thus, before you decide to equip water heating in your private home, you should choose the appropriate option - traditional heating with radiators or modern methods. Each system has advantages and disadvantages, so for heating design it is best to invite specialists who will be able to take into account all the details.
The question of replacing stove heating with a more modern one, sooner or later, has to be decided by the owner of a private house. It is clear that the task for a non-professional is very difficult, but doable. There are many specific subtleties in this work, which are known only to professionals in their field - designers and installers of heating systems. Not possible without their help. But if the owner of a private house has a desire to make heating with his own hands, he may well do some of the work on his own. And entrust the responsible stages of work to professionals.
This article will give an idea to the novice home master about what cycle of work to be done.
Heating options
First you have to choose a heating system. And there are plenty to choose from - there are several of them and differ among themselves according to the type of coolant:
- Water heating system;
- Steam heating system;
- Air heating system;
- Electric heating system.
Let's consider each of them separately.
Water heating
It works on the principle of a closed loop of pipes in which hot water is located. The central element in this system is the boiler, where water is heated and distributed through pipes throughout the system (). Installed water heating radiators, through which the coolant passes, heat up and warm the rooms. The cooled water enters the boiler again and the process is repeated again.
All are included in this scheme. heating boilers, but the most popular are economical gas.
Important! Gas boilers require regular checks and adjustments by the gas company.
Steam heating
Steam from heated water acts as a heat carrier. In the boiler, water is heated to a state of boiling and already in the form of steam it diverges along the highways to the radiators. Cooling, the steam turns back into water and goes back through the pipes to the heating boiler.
There are two types of steam systems:
- open;
- Closed.
In the first case, the system has a storage tank for condensate. And in the second, the condensate formed after cooling is returned to the boiler through pipes of increased diameter.
Steam heating is mainly used in industrial premises in large industries where steam is needed for their own needs. For home use, steam heating has not become widespread due to the large areas for accommodating boiler equipment. And the steam boiler itself is quite difficult to operate, and because of the high steam temperature of 115 ° it is also dangerous.
air heating
In a finished residential building, deploying equipment with your own hands to organize air heating is almost impossible. Only at the stage of building a new house is it possible to install the entire system (). And this is despite the fact that the principle of operation of such a system is quite simple.
A heat generator located at the lowest point of a steam heating system, such as a basement, heats the air. And already heated, it diverges through the air ducts through the premises of the house and exits through the grilles under the ceiling of the rooms. Warm air displaces cold air into the return ducts laid up to the heat generator. That is, a closed cycle of work is obtained.
To improve performance, a fan is included in the heating system, which increases the air pressure in the air duct.
An example of air heating operation is shown in Fig:
The heat generator can work independently on diesel fuel or kerosene. Gas can also be used - both natural from the main gas pipeline and bottled.
To equip a private house with this type of heating, it is necessary to carry out design work. Specialists will calculate: what material the air ducts will be made of (metal, plastic or textile), what size and build the correct topology of the heating network of the entire building.
Electric heating
Provided that there is a constant power supply, electric converters, suspended infrared heaters, and an electrical “warm floor” system will help maintain heat in the house.
Such a system does an excellent job of heating the house, but high electricity bills make you think about the economy of this method of heating.
But if you put it as a spare, in addition to the main one (for example, a gas boiler), then this method of heating is quite in demand.
Mounted heating electric convectors have one feature - uneven heating of the room space. The lower zone at floor level is cold, and the upper zone under the ceiling is warm.
The electrical system of the "warm floor" will help to correct the situation:
Elements of the heating system
The entire electrical heating system in a house can be compared to a human circulatory system. The heart is a cauldron, from which heat diverges through the veins (pipes) to the heating elements throughout the house.
This is, after all, a figurative representation. In fact, there are many more elements that ensure the efficient operation of the entire electric heating system - from pipe connectors to expansion tanks.
Electric heating can be organized in different ways:
- Forced circulation of water;
- Natural water circulation.
A pump is included in the forced circulation system. But there is a small minus - the pump requires electricity to operate. If it is turned off, the entire heating system will stop working.
Systems with natural circulation, in terms of independence from electricity, are more convenient. The circulation of water occurs due to the fact that the water temperature at the outlet of the heating boiler and the inlet is different. But in this case, pipes with different diameters are selected, and it is difficult to adjust it. The advantage is that such a system does not depend on electricity.
Systems are also divided into open and closed.
In open electrical systems, an expansion tank is placed to relieve excess pressure. As a rule, this is the highest point of the system. To relieve pressure in closed systems a closed-type membrane tank is installed. It is small, airtight and can be mounted anywhere in the electrical system, thus avoiding the formation of air pockets.
Calculation of the system and selection of boiler power
Of course, managers in the store can also pick up equipment. But there are two ways in which this can be done quite independently with your own hands.
A simple approximate method is used by equipment sellers: the area of \u200b\u200bone room is multiplied by 100 watts. Summing up the obtained values for all rooms, get required power heating appliances.
- If only one 1 wall goes outside, the area is multiplied by 100 W;
- For a corner room, the measured area is multiplied by 120 W;
- If there are 2 exterior walls and two windows, the area of the room is multiplied by 130W.
For a more accurate calculation, the formula is used:
W cat. \u003d (S * W sp.): 10
Where,
- S is the area of the room;
- W beats - specific power of the heater used per 10 m² of room area.
W beat is selected depending on the region.
For example, if the area of all heated premises is 100 m², with a specific power for the Moscow region of 1.2 kW, then the power for the boiler is obtained: W \u003d (100x1.2) / 10 \u003d 12 kilowatts.
Heat consumption for ventilation
The inflow of fresh air is very important for a comfortable stay in the house. And therefore, when choosing a heating boiler, it is important to take into account the heat consumption for ventilation. Fresh indoor air is undoubtedly needed, but no less important is the speed with which cold air flows inside the house. And the lower the speed of fresh air flows, the more more comfortable conditions residence.
Building codes specifically stipulate the presence of exhaust ventilation in the premises:
- baths;
- toilet;
- Kitchens.
And the inflow of fresh air should be provided by vents in the window and supply valves in the living rooms (Fig.):
Thus, the supply air is divided into three zones:
- Air inflow.
- Air flow.
- Air extracts.
When organizing any heating system, it is necessary to take into account the heat consumption not only for heating the house, but also for its ventilation. If the work is carried out according to the project, then it must include a calculation for heat loss due to the entry of cold air masses into the room.
Only after calculating the nominal air exchange in the house, it is possible to draw conclusions about the final heat demand for both heating the house and its ventilation.
Before choosing and buying a boiler for a heating system, You need to decide for yourself several parameters:
- Most importantly, purchase exactly the type of boiler that will effectively heat the whole house;
- Choose a heating boiler that will constantly work on the selected type of fuel;
- And the last thing - the boiler will work only for space heating or also heat water for everyday needs.
For reference! If the boiler works mainly for heating - single-circuit, and if it also gives hot water - double-circuit.
Solid fuel boilers
It makes sense to opt for solid fuel heating boilers either if there is no way to connect to gas in the region or there is fairly inexpensive coal or firewood.
You can also install a solid fuel boiler with your own hands on solid fuel as a backup source of heat. The cost of such boilers is relatively low, but the heating system will not work without:
- expansion tank;
- Security groups;
- More reliable pipes and radiators.
This is due to the fact that boilers of this type operate at higher temperatures.
Such boilers are very reliable under a number of conditions:
- The fuel for the boiler must match both in quality and moisture content.
- Mandatory daily cleaning of the solid fuel boiler.
gas boilers
The most popular, with the possibility of connecting to gas mains, are gas boilers (). Its main advantage - with all its simplicity, is also ease of use. Most modern models of gas boilers are also equipped with a thermostat. And this is very convenient - you choose the desired temperature for the house, and the device will automatically maintain comfortable heat throughout the house.
At prices, gas heating boilers have a wide range to choose from.
The price is affected by:
- Manufacturer;
- Power;
- Boiler type.
But a big plus in boilers of this type is that they already come with a circulation pump and an expansion tank.
And the material from which pipes and radiators are made gas heating, completely different and much cheaper than, for example, for solid fuel boilers (coal, etc.).
Electric boilers
This is the most expensive way to heat a house ().
But! Electric heating boilers have some advantages:
- Large choice of power - from 2 to 40 kW;
- Stability in work;
- Do not pollute the atmosphere in the house;
- Very easy to use;
- Built-in circulation pump;
- Supplied with expansion tank and temperature sensor;
- Differ in reliability in work;
- Inexpensive repair and maintenance.
At prices, electric boilers are comparable to gas ones.
Oil boilers
Most consumers are unaware that traditional liquid fuel heating boilers are now able to work not only on diesel fuel, but also:
- Kerosene;
- Light grades of oil;
- Waste oils (including synthetic origin);
- Fuel oil.
It is enough to change the burners for the desired type of fuel.
For reference! On sale there are universal liquid fuel boilers without burners. The consumer has the opportunity to choose a burner for diesel fuel or for gas independently.
But when using liquid fuel heating boilers, a number of features must be taken into account:
- Compared with gas boilers fuel costs will increase significantly.
- Equipment acquisition and installation costs are higher than other types of heating.
- On the site near the house, it is necessary to leave a place for the installation of a large-sized tank for storing fuel supplies.
- In order to prevent the specific smell of diesel fuel and the noise from the operation of burners in the living quarters of the house, it is better to install heating equipment in a separate building.
- Since the burner needs the operation of automation and pumps powered by electricity, to organize uninterrupted operation, provide for the installation of a backup generator.
- For the stable operation of oil-fired boilers, only good quality fuel is required.
For convenience, the table combines the estimated characteristics of heating boilers for different types of fuel:
Heating system diagrams
The water heating system can be organized into two types:
- Single-circuit;
- Dual circuit.
And according to the principle of movement of the system, there are:
- Single pipe;
- Two-pipe;
- Collector;
- Leningradskaya.
Single pipe
A single-pipe heating system is mounted in series - one radiator after another. From the scheme, a significant drawback of this system is immediately noticeable. The coolant, passing from one radiator to another, begins to cool. With a less intensive circulation of water in distant radiators, it not only gives up the entire remainder of the temperature to the metal, but also slowly enters the return line.
Thus, if the number of radiators for heating is too large, then the last radiator may be generally cold.
In addition, such a heating system is not practical to repair. To repair one radiator, you have to stop all heating in a private house.
Conclusion! In single-pipe heating systems, it is impossible to extend the circuit indefinitely.
Two-pipe
In a two-pipe heating system, maintenance is much easier. Hot water is supplied to the radiator through one line of the pipeline, and through another pipe (waste water) it flows back into the boiler. Radiators in this circuit are connected in parallel.
For ease of operation and repair, each pipe is mounted with a shut-off valve. Here, too, the water at the last radiator in the system will be colder, but much hotter than in a single-pipe system.
Collector
The figure shows that the supply and return system for each heating radiator is organized independently of each other. A significant plus in such a system is the ability to coordinate the temperature in any room separately. It is also very convenient to repair any section of the pipeline and each radiator separately.
To date, all experts have recognized the collector heating system as the most progressive.
But there are also disadvantages:
- Requires the installation of a manifold cabinet;
- Sensitive for the estimate, the consumption of pipes during the installation of the heating system.
Leningradskaya
A more advanced, single-pipe system, which, combined with ease of installation and low cost, is still very popular.
Despite the fact that the Leningrad heating system began to be introduced many years ago, it is now successfully used in construction. multi-storey buildings. Such a system has the main feature - simplicity. For the device of such a system, you can have a minimum of knowledge and get by with a minimum amount of materials than in two-pipe systems. In addition, in such a system it is possible to control each radiator in the system.
System installation
After the choice of the heating system has been made, the most correct step is to contact the design office. Having a project of work and drawings in hand, you can purchase and store the necessary materials, control and management devices, and components.
Installation begins with the choice of the installation location of the heating boiler. If combustion products are emitted during the operation of the boilers, the best solution would be to build a separate boiler room. It is possible to place a boiler room in the basement, subject to the arrangement of good ventilation and sound insulation.
The boiler itself is installed at such a distance from the walls that it always has free access for maintenance.
The floor and wall covering near the heating boiler must be made of refractory materials. Equipped with a chimney system from the boiler to the street.
The following steps for the installation of the heating system will be carried out according to the project:
- Installation of a circulation pump;
- Distribution collector node;
- Measuring instruments;
- Devices of manual or automatic adjustment.
After completion of the installation of the boiler, they proceed to work on the installation of main pipelines, according to the selected heating scheme, to the places where radiators will be installed. IN residential buildings you will have to make passages for pipelines in walls and partitions. Based on the selected material, the pipes are interconnected by previously prepared elements.
Installation work is completed with the installation of radiators. Usually, the following conditions are observed during installation:
- Distance from the floor - 12 cm;
- The distance from the walls is up to 5 cm.
Shutoff valves, temperature sensors and other adjusting elements are installed on the pipes at the inlet and outlet of the radiators.
Completes installation work– pressure testing of the entire system.
Boiler connection
Connecting the installed boiler to the heating system according to the following scheme:
- The pipe system laid around the house is connected to the outlets on the boiler.
- As a rule, shut-off valves are installed at the joints that cut off from the common system.
- For the operation of electrical appliances, wires and a ground loop are connected.
- Installation of safety valves, temperature controllers and other devices (installed before installing shut-off valves).
- For gas heating boilers - connection to the gas pipeline.
- Filling the heating system with water.
- Pressure testing of the system. At the same time, leaks in the system are detected and eliminated.
- Depressurization in the pipes to the working one.
Important! When starting the gas boiler for the first time, the presence of a representative of the gas company is mandatory.
Modern market building materials offers a large selection of pipes from a variety of materials for the installation of the heating system.
Of course, with sufficient skills welding work, you can opt for the usual steel pipes. But why doom yourself in advance to a guaranteed repair of the system due to the fact that the pipes will be subject to corrosion?
If there is a desire to use either copper or stainless pipes, then it can only be approved if the owner is not limited in financial resources and is not afraid of certain installation difficulties. Such pipes are the most expensive, but they are not afraid of high pressure and high temperature.
The most inexpensive option is polypropylene pipes. But it must be taken into account that the joints with the fittings are carried out by soldering, and if the heating of the connection is insufficient, this place will definitely leak. And when overheated, it is possible to overlap the internal section with molten material.
Recently, polyethylene or metal-plastic pipes are very popular. Installation is quite simple, provided that the joints are made on pressed fittings. They can be laid under the fill floors when installing the "warm floor" system.
With a large selection of modern radiators, opting for traditional cast iron ones is at least not rational (). Due to low thermal conductivity, they have lost their former popularity.
Aluminum radiators
In addition to high heat dissipation, aluminum radiators are very light.
Due to the fact that they have a variety of center distances (350-500mm), the installation of the heating system is greatly facilitated. Aluminum radiators have a number of advantages that distinguish them from other heating devices:
- High heat dissipation;
- Lightweight design;
- High working pressure (18 atm.);
- Beautiful design.
Bimetal radiators
Systems of this type combine the advantages of both sectional (made of aluminum alloys) and tubular (made of steel):
- Increased strength (up to 40 atmospheres);
- Long service life (up to 20 years);
- Beautiful design;
- High level of heat transfer.
Steel panel radiators
The main advantage of steel radiators is their quick response to changes in coolant temperature.
They heat up instantly and cool down just as quickly. Such properties significantly affect energy saving.
A large area of stamped steel panels has a positive effect on high heat transfer, and the presence of a finned surface increases the area of the heater. Such qualities increase the comfort and efficiency of heating.
Selection by power and methods of connecting radiators
The decision to replace the entire heating system was finally made. The main elements of the system have been selected, it remains to solve the question - how much power can the radiators themselves produce?
It is this indicator that is actually the most important in determining the properties of the heating system.
Take, for example, a room with an area of 10 m² with a ceiling height of 3 m. The volume of the room, respectively, is 10x3 = 30 m³.
But this indicator does not fully describe the characteristics of the radiator. It is known from the regulations that a heating radiator with an output power of at least 40 watts is required to heat 1m³ of a room.
The result is: 30x40 \u003d 1200 watts.
For insurance, you can add 15-20%. This is exactly the amount of heat needed to heat such a room. As you can see, the calculations are quite simple and you can do them yourself before going to the store.
When we figured out the power of the radiator, it remains to choose a way to connect it to the main, which is carried out in several ways, as in the figure:
Lateral connection of heating batteries is used when mounting to risers. If the main pipes are laid under flooring or at floor level - diagonal.
It can be seen from the figure that these two connection methods allow the most productive use of the entire surface of the battery.
Finds its supporters and the lower versatile way to connect. It can be seen from the figure that with such a direction of hot water it is impossible to effectively heat the entire space of the radiator.
Errors during installation
Shortcomings and errors in installation work are not uncommon. Their description is a topic for a separate article, but the most common ones can be distinguished:
- Illiterate selection of a heat source;
- Admitted shortcomings in the boiler circuit;
- Incorrectly selected heating system;
- Careless attitude of installers.
Choosing a boiler with insufficient power is the most common mistake.
The desire to save on the cost of the boiler, but at the same time power not only the heating system, but also organize the supply of hot water, will lead to the fact that the heat generator will not be able to provide the house with enough heat.
All elements and devices in the boiler piping must be installed according to their functional properties. For example, inserting a pump is recommended precisely on the return lines of pipelines and do not forget to take into account the horizontal position of the pump shaft.
With an incorrectly selected heating system, there is a risk of additional alterations. So if you “hang” more than five radiators on a single-pipe system, most often the rest will not heat at all.
Do-it-yourself installation flaws can be cited as examples of poor-quality slopes, unwelded connections, or the installation of improperly selected shut-off valves.
For example, if you confuse the installation locations of the valves on the pipes in front of the inlet (ordinary faucet) and at the outlet of the radiator (water supply control valve). It also happens that the installation of pipes in the floor occurs without mandatory insulation so that the water does not cool down on the way to the radiator. I had to change the heating system at the dacha - old cast-iron batteries and a Soviet boiler, for which details cannot be found even during the day with fire. But when they found out the cost of services for the replacement and modernization of thermal communications, they were in great shock. In the end, we decided to do everything on our own - albeit not so quickly, but you can save a good penny. Fortunately, we found this article, where all stages of work are described in great detail and with examples, many photos explaining. I especially liked the section “Errors during installation” - we learned a lot of useful things from the category of “what not to do”, otherwise we would have spent more time, nerves and money on redoing.
Thanks to the author for the detailed article. It can be safely used as a scientific guide for self-assembly of the heating system in your home. Thanks also for the many suggestions. They will help, especially for beginners. And I’ll add on my own that, in my opinion, the best option from the proposed ones is the installation of a gas boiler. After all, judge for yourself: it is relatively cheap, familiar and practical. However, the author or anyone else may disagree with me. I'm looking forward to other people's opinions on this.
Two years ago we just did heating in the house. In order not to be dependent on the stove, otherwise this cinder and smoke bother you, to be honest. We installed water heating with specialists. Pretty practical and power is not lost, not sprayed. The water is simply heated by the boiler and it diverges through pipes that are placed around the house, such as a battery. And they are already heating the house. Personally for us, this method seemed the simplest and most optimal.
A question arose with the replacement of heating in a private house, they decided to throw out the Soviet batteries and the boiler and replace it with a new one. Prices of course horror, fight in a terrible way. So I started searching the net for how to do everything right, since I came across you and got information on installing and installing the system. Everything is detailed and easy to understand. After reading it, it became more profitable for me to do it myself than to overpay 10 times more expensive for some smart guy who can do it just like me.
A high-quality heating system is one of the most important factors for comfortable life support in homes. It is difficult to imagine housing in which there are no heating appliances. Not so long ago, most of the inhabitants of our country used wood-burning stoves to heat their homes. Naturally, in our time of constant progress, such a system has become irrelevant and is increasingly being replaced by more modern gas-fired water heating.
Water heating in a private house based on the principle of circulation coolant through the pipeline and heating radiators. In this case, the movement of water occurs from the main heating element - the boiler through all the nodes of the system, after which the cooled coolant is returned back to the heater for reheating. At the same time, the heating piping scheme is not so complicated and therefore it is possible for independent implementation. But before that, you need to familiarize yourself with the features of the installation work.
Features of the installation of a water heating system
First of all, you need to understand that water heating is based on the laws of physics - the hot coolant rises, and the cooled water flows down. Simply put, the coolant will circulate with greater intensity with a greater temperature difference between the liquid flowing from the boiler and the water returning to the device through the return pipes. The optimal indicator is a temperature difference of 25 ° C. At the same time, certain techniques are used to enhance this effect:
- the boiler should be placed at the lowest point of the heating system approximately 2 meters below the pipes and radiators;
- the riser through which the coolant circulates must be qualitatively insulated;
- the length of the water heating pipes of a house with a natural circulation method should not exceed 30 m;
- V one-story house the heating scheme with natural circulation implies the placement of return pipes at a certain angle;
- based on the total length of the pipes of the heating system, their diameter is selected: the longer the pipeline, the larger its diameter.
If we consider two-story buildings, then the scheme of the water heating system of the house involves the installation of a pump. Otherwise, it will not work to heat the upper floor with high quality.
Choosing a heating device
A water heating system can be implemented using a gas boiler, an electrical counterpart, or a solid fuel device. Wherein gas equipment considered the most practical and convenient to use. If it is not possible to conduct gas into the house, then an electric boiler or its solid fuel analogue.
If we consider a solid fuel boiler, then its operation is much cheaper than an electric counterpart, since it runs on cheap resources - wood, coal or pellets. Electric heating is ideal for a country house where there is no need to heat the room daily.
The water heating system in small private buildings is not always profitable, since it is often enough to hang several electric heaters. In turn, for large houses, you will need a very powerful electric boiler to heat water, and this may affect the quality of other electrical appliances. In such a situation, it is better to use gas or solid fuel equipment.
Scheme of single-pipe water heating
One-pipe heating system can rightfully be called the simplest and least expensive and therefore it is suitable for DIY installation. Everything is very clear here - the pipeline through which the water will move connects in series all the heating radiators in the house. After the coolant has passed a full circle, it returns to the boiler again and the cycle repeats.
Such a scheme is quite practical, but still there are some nuances in it. The radiators, which are at the maximum distance from the boiler, will be slightly warm, while the nearby radiators will be hot. Simply put, the temperature in the far rooms will be cooler than in the room where the boiler is installed. Naturally, this has its own plus, especially when people who cannot stand the heat live in the house.
Scheme of a two-pipe heating system
A two-pipe heating system can hardly be called light, especially for self-implementation. This heating scheme provides removal of two pipes from the boiler at once. In this case, one pipe is designed to supply hot coolant to the batteries, and the other to return the cooled water back to the boiler. In appearance, this is very similar to single-pipe heating, but only the radiators can be located not in series, but in an order convenient for the homeowner.
According to the scheme, one pipe departs from the boiler, through which the hot coolant, according to the laws of physics, will rise. Such a pipe is very often carried out through the attic, where it is convenient to carry out hidden wiring. Simply put, a separate pipe is connected to each radiator. This allows you to maintain the same temperature in each battery.
Also, a two-pipe wiring diagram suggests outlet pipeline installation from each radiator. It is through this pipe that the cooled water will flow back to the boiler. The return line is laid in each room where the battery is installed. Usually the heating return pipe is hidden underground.
To increase the quality of two-pipe water heating, experts recommend installing a distribution manifold - a special device that regulates the water supply to each battery. Structurally, such a device resembles a tube with several side outlets, which are equipped with locking devices at the end, after which there are pipes connecting the boiler with batteries. Thanks to such a system, it becomes possible to control and regulate the temperature parameters in each individual room of the house.
When installing a water heating system with your own hands, you first need to determine its appearance. Today, experts are considering a heating system with natural and forced circulation of the coolant. At the same time, one differs from the other in the presence or absence of a circulation pump. But first, consider the advantages of heating with natural water circulation through pipes and radiators:
- natural heating option is the cheapest;
- such equipment does not require connection to the AC mains;
- any heating boiler can be used in such a system.
If we consider its shortcomings I would like to highlight the following issues:
- low level of efficiency;
- the coolant is unevenly distributed over the batteries;
- in such a system, an expansion tank must be installed;
- obligatory use of a metal pipeline.
Many may have a question, why metal pipes? Everything is very simple, the coolant in such a heating system circulates at a very high temperature, especially near the boiler. Therefore, not all plastic pipes will be able to withstand such thermal loads.
With a circulation pump, everything happens a little differently. This method more efficiently distributes the coolant over the radiators. Also, the use of a pipeline with a small diameter can be attributed to the positive qualities of forced circulation of water. So, if we compare such heating systems, then the diameter of the pipes with natural circulation of the coolant is almost half that when using a circulation pump.
Installation of water heating of a private house
At the first stage, the heating boiler installation. It should be placed on a stand cast from a cement-sand mixture. After that, the boiler exhaust pipe is connected to the central chimney. The junction must be sealed with heat-resistant mastic or clay, which does not crack under the influence of high temperature.
At the next stage, the installation of heating batteries is performed. Their placement should be strictly under the window sills, which allows you to create a thermal barrier that prevents the penetration of cold air through the window cracks. The installation of the radiator itself is quite simple and do-it-yourself. The battery is hung on special brackets fixed in the wall with dowels. But, despite all the apparent simplicity, there are nuances to be taken into account:
- Before starting the installation of radiators, the marking of the walls is carried out. All radiators in a private house should be located at the same level and in a horizontal position so that the coolant circulates freely.
- It is better not to unpack the battery during installation, so as not to damage it during the installation process.
- From the bottom of the battery to the floor surface there must be a gap of at least 70 mm, but not more than 150 mm.
- The heating radiator must be at a distance of 20 mm from the wall.
After battery installation is complete moving on to piping and installation of related nodes.
- Drain pipe with a tap at the end, for removing water from the system. Its installation should take place at the lowest point of the heating system of a private house.
- Expansion tank installation, which is carried out at the highest point of the heating system, but not less than at a height of 3 m from the boiler.
- In case of forced system heating, a circulation pump is installed. Specialists recommend making a bypass section of the pipeline, which, in the event of a pump breakdown, will take the load on itself.
- With the help of taps, it is desirable to protect each independent element of the heating system. This will allow, if necessary, to repair any unit without completely draining the coolant.
If the heating scheme provides for the presence of several risers, then in the places where the pipeline is distributed, it is imperative balancing valve installed. First of all, this is necessary to equalize the difference in hydraulic resistance in various branches of the heating system.
What to consider when self-assembly
In addition to the boiler, pipes and radiators, when conducting self-wiring water heating in a private house, you need to prepare related Consumables: mounting brackets, adapters, rubber gaskets and other little things that are always needed during installation work related to heating. Plus, to everything, doing the work with your own hands, you need adhere to the following rules:
After all installation work is completed, the heating system is filled with water and trial run is underway. When the radiators warm up and the maximum pressure appears in the system, the pipe connections with batteries and other elements of water heating are checked for leaks. If any defect is found, the heating is turned off, the water is drained, and the breakdown is eliminated.
Having become acquainted with all the subtleties and features of the device of the water heating system, everyone will be able to do its installation in a private house with their own hands. The main thing is that the connection of all components is carried out in accordance with all safety requirements. If gas equipment is installed, then the first start-up of the boiler should be carried out only by a specialist, since gas is an explosive fuel and any errors can lead to serious consequences.
You will need
- - radiators;
- - roulette;
- - calculator;
- - pipes;
- - fastening for radiators;
- - welding machine with electrodes;
- - pump;
- - boiler;
- - tank;
- - ball valves.
Instruction
Select the heating system you will be installing. There are single-pipe and two-pipe heating systems. A single-pipe heating system is the simplest and rather economical, but it can only be used to heat small rooms (the total area should be no more than 100 square meters). A two-pipe heating system is able to provide uniform heating of air in a large room. A pump is installed in both the first and second circuits of the system. But there is another type of heating system that does not require the installation of a pump - a two-pipe system with natural circulation. The only drawback of this heating system is that the installation of its pipes must be carried out at a certain angle of inclination.
Proceed to the choice of heating radiators. Cast iron and aluminum radiators are currently available. At a price, cast iron is cheaper, but aluminum has twice the heat transfer. Calculate for each individual room required amount radiator sections. As you know, to warm the air in a room with an area of 1 square meter, you need 100 W / h. As for radiators, one section of aluminum produces 200 W / h, and cast iron - 100 W / h (however, this is provided that the temperature in the heating system is 90 degrees, which is almost impossible). Therefore, we will make a small correction, taking into account the fact that the temperature of the coolant, as a rule, is 60 degrees: the heat transfer of one section of a cast-iron radiator is 65 W, and that of an aluminum one is 130 W. Let's say the area of your room is 15 square meters, then you will need 12 aluminum sections (15 * 100/130) or 23 cast iron sections (15 * 100/65).
Install a heating boiler. Then proceed to piping. Wiring begins to be done from the return pipeline and at the same time they go from the boiler. Be sure to follow an important rule: the return must be located below the supply. During the installation of pipes, make branches for batteries and other elements of the heating system.
Install radiators. Remember: heating radiators are installed under the windows, because the maximum heat loss occurs through the windows. In the event that the width of the radiator turned out to be less than the width of the window, combine several heating radiators, distributing them over the entire width of the window opening. The distance from the floor to the radiator must be at least 10 centimeters, and from the protruding part of the window sill to the heating battery - more than 12 centimeters. Attach the radiators to the wall with a special metal fastener, and also weld with pipes.
If the heating system you have chosen is not based on the natural circulation of the coolant, then install a pump. The installation of the pump in the heating system is carried out only in the return pipeline, because this device must pump out the coolant, supplying it to the heat exchanger. Install the pump in such a way that, if necessary, it can be removed at any time for repair work, while not opening the heating system. It is recommended to install three ball valves next to the pump: two on both sides of it, and the third on a pipe running parallel to the area where the pump is installed.