Recently, in construction there has been a noticeable trend towards the use of environmental technologies that do not harm the environment. Enterprises involved in the production of building materials are subject to strict environmental safety requirements. And this is not a tribute to fashion, but a necessity dictated by life itself. By giving preference to environmentally friendly building materials, we simultaneously take care of our health and the health of our descendants.
Despite the fact that there is clearly not enough information about the degree of environmental friendliness of certain building materials, we all know that some materials are harmless, while others, on the contrary, pollute the environment to one degree or another.
Harmful or non-ecological building materials are those materials for the production of which synthetic materials are used that have a detrimental effect on the environment. In addition, such production requires more energy consumption. Natural self-decomposition or recycling of the resulting building materials is out of the question. After use, they are thrown into landfills, where they continue to pollute the air and soil.
Non-eco-friendly building materials:
- Polystyrene foam - releases the toxic substance styrene, which provokes myocardial infarction and vein thrombosis.
- Taking into account the technology, HBCDD (hexabromyocyclododecane) is added to insulation materials (extruded polystyrene and expanded polystyrene) to reduce their flammability. Not long ago, the European Chemicals Agency declared HBCDD one of the most dangerous among 14 known toxic substances.
- Thermal insulation boards are made on the basis of polyurethane. They contain toxic isocyanates.
- Linoleum, vinyl wallpaper and decorative film are widely used materials in construction that are responsible for the content of heavy metals in the air. These substances, accumulating over time in the human body, can cause the development of tumors.
- Low-quality paints, varnishes, and mastics are considered the most dangerous to health, as they contain lead, copper, as well as toluene, xylene and cresol, which are narcotic substances.
- Concrete is known to be dense and durable. Unfortunately, it is the density of concrete that prevents the free penetration of air and contributes to the amplification of electromagnetic waves.
- Reinforced concrete has the same disadvantages as concrete, but in addition it also shields electromagnetic radiation. As a result, people living or working in homes and offices built from such materials often suffer from fatigue.
- Polyvinchloride is a component of many varnishes and paints. In contact with air with the assistance of sunlight, it decomposes, releasing hydrochloride, which in turn provokes diseases of the liver and blood vessels.
- Polyurethane foam in dust is bad for the skin, eyes and lungs.
When purchasing materials for the construction of your house, demand that you receive a sanitary and epidemiological certificate for them. This conclusion will give you an idea of the toxicity level of your chosen building material.
Fortunately, there are other materials, the presence of which in a room not only does not cause harm, but, on the contrary, has a positive effect on the physical and spiritual state of a person - environmentally friendly building materials.
Eco-friendly building materials
Eco-friendly (environmentally friendly) building materials are materials that do not harm the environment during their production and operation. They are divided into two types: absolutely environmentally friendly and conditionally environmentally friendly.
Absolutely environmentally friendly building materials are generously presented to us by nature itself. These include wood, stone, natural glue, rubber, cork, silk, felt, cotton, natural leather, natural drying oil, straw, bamboo, etc. All these materials have been used by man for the construction of houses from time immemorial. Their disadvantage is that they do not always meet technical requirements (insufficiently durable and fireproof, difficult to transport, etc.).
In this regard, currently in construction, conditionally environmentally friendly materials are widely used, which are also made from natural resources, are safe for the environment, but have higher technical performance.
Conditionally environmentally friendly building materials include:
- brick
- tile
- roofing tiles
- foam concrete blocks
- materials made of aluminum, silicon
Brick is made from clay without the use of chemical additives and dyes. Walls made of this material are strong, durable, and resistant to harmful environmental influences. The least energy-intensive type of brick is considered to be one that is made from clay with the addition of straw reinforcing it. After drying in the sun, this brick is ready for use. More than a quarter of the world's population lives in houses built from this kind of brick. In areas with dry climates they are especially durable.
Each of us has the power to improve our standard of living. According to statistics, a person spends most of his time indoors (at work or at home) approximately 75% of the time. Therefore, it is of great importance what this room is built from. By building our home from environmentally friendly materials or using them in interior decoration, we create a unique and at the same time healthy atmosphere.
Tips: for interior decoration of room walls, wood or mats made of straw, jute, or bamboo are best suited. As a last resort, plaster and paper wallpaper. If you decide to use parquet or laminate to finish the floor, be sure to pay attention to whether it has a CE mark (means that the material is manufactured in accordance with European standards).
Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet
Faculty of Transport
Department of Emergency Protection
Topic: “Environmental risks in the production of building materials”
Completed by: Krupnova A.S.
Tosunova D.D.
ZChS Group - 32
Kaliningrad 2009
Goal and tasksThe goal is to determine the environmental risk to the environment and humans.
1. Identify enterprises related to the construction industry and located in the Kaliningrad region
2. Identify explosives emitted into the air during the production of building materials by enterprises in the Kaliningrad region
3. Determine the volume of emissions from construction industry enterprises in the Kaliningrad region
4. Conduct a study at one of the enterprises of the Kaliningrad region construction industry
5. Determine the negative consequences for the environment and humans when standards are exceeded due to emissions of explosives into the atmosphere
List of enterprises in the Kaliningrad region1. Plant “Reinforced Concrete Products - 1”, Pribrezhny village, Zavodskaya St., 11
2. Factory "Reinforced Concrete Products - 2" Mukomolnaya St., 14
3. Brick factory “Chaikovsky” Pravdinsky district, Zheleznodorozhny village, Kirpichnaya st., 3
4. Asphalt-concrete plant, Dvinskaya St., 93
5. Baltkeramika LLC, Zavodskaya str., 11
6. Ecoblock LLC Maloye Isakovo, Guryevskaya St., 1
7. Cosmoblock LLC, Baltic Highway, 1
Production of building materials and harmful substances released into the atmosphere during their productionConcrete productionConcrete is an artificial stone made by mixing cement, gravel and water.
The components are poured into a concrete mixer and water is supplied into it at the same time.
After mixing, the starting materials form a plastic mixture similar to a heavy liquid. Therefore, freshly prepared concrete is not called concrete, but a concrete mixture. Only after some time does the mixture harden and turn into stone, i.e. concrete.
Reinforced concrete is concrete reinforced with structural steel.
Main pollutants: oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur; hydrocarbons; inorganic dust
Asphalt productionAsphalt is a mixture of bitumen (60-75% natural and 13-60% artificial) with minerals (limestone, sandstone, etc.). Used in a mixture with sand, gravel, crushed stone for the construction of highways, as a roofing, waterproofing and electrical insulating material, for the preparation of putties and adhesives.
Classic asphalt concrete consists of crushed stone, sand, mineral powder (filler) and bitumen binder (bitumen, polymer-bitumen binder).
Main pollutants: lead and its inorganic compounds
Nitrogen oxides; soot; sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide - SO2); carbon monoxide (CO); saturated hydrocarbons C12-C19; fuel oil ash; inorganic dust (SiO2 > 70%) dinas, etc.; inorganic dust (SiO2 = 20-70%), cement, fireclay, etc.; inorganic dust (SiO2<20 %) известняк и др.
Brick productionCeramic brick is a brick obtained by firing clays and their mixtures in an oven.
Ceramic bricks are made from clay, most often red, and at the end of production they are fired at an operating temperature in a kiln of up to 1000°C.
There are three ways to prepare ceramic bricks:
The first and most common is the plastic method: the clay mass (with a humidity of 17 - 30%) is squeezed out of a belt press and then fired.
The second method is distinguished by the preparation of the raw material - it is formed from a clay mass with a moisture content of 8 - 10% by strong pressing.
The technology for producing bricks using the rigid extrusion method involves molding bricks on a belt press at a clay moisture content of 12-14%. The molded brick has high strength, so immediately after cutting it is placed on a kiln trolley, on which the brick drying process takes place.
Production of gas silicate blocksThe production of aerated concrete involves the introduction of substances that release gas during chemical interaction with cement and lime, and aluminum powder or paste acts as a gas generator. According to HEBEL aerated concrete production technology, the raw mixture of quartz sand, lime, cement, after expansion, undergoes subsequent autoclave treatment at a temperature of 180 degrees and a pressure of about 14 bar. Numerous pores measuring 1-3 mm in size are formed in the resulting mass, which give the material properties such as thermal insulation, frost resistance and lightness.
Main pollutants: oxides of silicon, aluminum, nitrogen, carbon.
Production of foam concrete blocksThe production of foam blocks is based on the technology of producing ready-made foam concrete blocks as a result of hardening of a solution consisting of cement, sand, water and foam. The following methods are used in the production of foam blocks: pouring foam concrete into cassette metal molds and removing the finished foam blocks manually, pouring large masses and cutting them into blocks and pouring non-separable cassette molds with subsequent automatic demoulding.
Main pollutants: oxides of silicon, nitrogen, carbon; heavy metal compounds; aerosols and suspensions.
Table 1. Volumes of emissions from the construction industry into the atmosphere in 2003
OJSC "Zavod ZhBI-2" is a single modern largest complex in Kaliningrad and the region for the production of concrete and reinforced concrete products (RCC), ready-mixed concrete, mortars for various purposes, reinforcing mesh, frames.
Let's consider the environmental risk associated with environmental pollution and harmful effects on people.
Table 2. Standards for maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the air for reinforced concrete products - 2
Name of pollutant | Total emissions for 2008, t/year | |
Vanadium pentoxide | ||
Iron oxide | ||
Manganese and its compounds | ||
Nitrogen dioxide | ||
Nitrogen oxide | ||
Sulfur dioxide | ||
Hydrogen sulfide | ||
Carbon monoxide | ||
Fluoride gaseous compounds | ||
Fluorides inorganic.poor solution. | ||
Benzopyrene | ||
White Spirit | ||
Saturated hydrocarbons C12 - C19 | ||
Emulson | ||
Suspended solids | ||
Dust inorganic, containing. 70 - 20% silicon dioxide | ||
Abrasive dust | ||
Wood dust | ||
Fluoride gaseous compounds | ||
Including vehicles | ||
Nitrogen dioxide | ||
Nitrogen oxide | ||
Sulfur dioxide | ||
Carbon oxide | ||
Total | 4,098987 | |
Including: | ||
liquid and gaseous |
Table 3. Waste generation standards for reinforced concrete products - 2
Name | Hazard Class | Annual standard, t/year | 2008 | |
Welding slag | ||||
Spent abrasive wheels and their scrap | ||||
Lead batteries | ||||
Cleaning material contaminated with oils | ||||
Waste of solid production materials, contaminated with oil and mineral fatty products | ||||
Used oils | ||||
Waste concrete mixture containing dust< 30% | ||||
Residues and cinders of steel welding electrodes | ||||
Unsorted steel scrap | ||||
Steel shavings are not contaminated. | ||||
Wood waste from natural pure wood | ||||
Natural pure wood sawdust | ||||
Natural pure wood shavings |
Table 4. Background concentration of pollutants around concrete products - 2
Zagriahaggravating substances | Wind speed, m/s | |||||
Directions | ||||||
Concentration (C), mg/m3 | ||||||
Nitrogen dioxide | ||||||
Nitric oxide | ||||||
Carbon monoxide |
For nitrogen dioxide: 2nd class.
Prob=-5.51+7.49lg(0.15/0.085)=-3.66
For dust: 3rd class.
Prob=-2.35+3.73lg(0.39/0.3)=-1.92
For nitric oxide: 3rd class.
Prob=-2.35+3.73lg(0.04/0.4)=-6.08
For carbon monoxide: 4th class.
Prob=-1.41+2.33log(3.1/5)=-1.89
conclusionsBased on the conducted research, we can conclude:
1. If the standards for emissions of carbon monoxide and dust from concrete products - 2 are exceeded, 297 and 278 people out of 10,000 will suffer, respectively.
2. When exposed to carbon monoxide on the human body, the development of oxygen deficiency, disruption of cellular respiration and death of the body (at a concentration of 1% within several minutes), and heart attacks are possible.
3. When exposed to inorganic dust on the body, it is possible to develop pulmonary diseases and inflammatory processes in them, reduce ventilation ability and lung capacity, damage to the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, skin irritation, increased mortality from lung and intestinal cancer, increased incidence of tonsillitis, pharyngitis , rhinitis.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"NATIONAL RESEARCH TOMSK POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY"
Faculty - Institute of Natural Resources
Direction (specialty) - Chemical technology and biotechnology
Department - TOV and PM
Environmental problems of polymer production
in the discipline "Innovative development of chemical technology of organic substances"
Executor
E.V. Zenkova student gr.5a83
Supervisor
L.I. Bondaletova senior lecturer, Ph.D.
TOMSK 2012
Introduction
.Environmental problems in chemistry and technology of polymer materials .Classification of polymer waste 3.Methods for recycling and neutralization of polymer materials .Wastewater and gas emissions treatment 4.1Wastewater treatment methods 4.2Methods for purifying gas emissions from polymer production 5.Basic principles for the development of waste-free technologies Conclusion Introduction Polymer production is one of the most dynamically developing industries. World production of polymers in 2010 amounted to 250 million tons and increases on average by 5-6% annually. Their specific consumption in developed countries has reached 85-90 kg/person. per year and continues to increase. This interest of polymer manufacturers is primarily associated with the possibility of obtaining a variety of technically valuable materials based on them. Thanks to their unique physicochemical, structural and technological properties, polymeric materials (PM) based on various plastics and elastomers are widely used in various fields of the national economy and medicine. The life of society is inevitably associated with the generation of waste at all stages of production and processing of polymer materials. Therefore, the relevance of the problem of their disposal, as well as the harm caused to human health and the environment, still remains acute. 1. Environmental problems in chemistry and technology of polymer materials Polymer materials, as a rule, are multicomponent systems, since in addition to the polymer, various components (ingredients) are used to create them. Obtaining polymer materials that meet operational requirements in relation to various industries, agriculture, and everyday life is the task of the technology for the production of polymer materials. The multicomponent nature of polymers often leads to the fact that their production, as well as practical use, in some cases is complicated by the undesirable process of separating harmful low-molecular substances from the material. Depending on operating conditions, their amount can be up to several mass percent. Dozens of compounds of various chemical natures can be found in environments in contact with polymeric materials. The creation and use of polymers is directly or indirectly related to the impact on the human body, the surrounding production environment and human habitat, as well as the environment as a whole. The latter is especially important after the use of polymers and products made from them, when waste materials are buried in the soil, and harmful substances released during the decomposition of polymer material pollute the soil and wastewater, thereby worsening the environment. Problems of ecology in the production and use of polymer materials. What are the consequences of soil pollution, for example? First of all, to the direct reduction of the natural habitat of living beings. Secondly, pollution of an area creates a danger for its neighboring territories due to the migration of pollution, for example, through subsoil aquifers. Thirdly, air pollution with harmful gases, including methane and carbon dioxide, which creates the greenhouse effect, can lead to global environmental changes. The production of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride brings considerable environmental problems to the environment. This is the use of various toxic monomers and catalysts, the formation of wastewater and gas emissions, the neutralization of which is associated with large energy, raw material and labor costs and is not always carried out conscientiously by manufacturers. Let's look at some examples related to the ecology of the production of basic polymers. The production of polyethylene and other polyolefins is classified as flammable and explosive (category A): ethylene and propylene form explosive mixtures with air. Both monomers have a narcotic effect. The maximum permissible concentration in the air for ethylene is 0.05* 10-3 kg/m3, for propylene - 0.05* 10-3 kg/m3. The production of high-density polyethylene (LDPE) is especially dangerous because it involves the use of high pressure and temperature. Due to the possibility of explosive decomposition of ethylene during polymerization, reactors are equipped with special safety devices (membranes) and installed in boxes. Process control is fully automated. In the production of low-density polyethylene and polypropylene, diethylaluminum chloride used as a catalyst is particularly dangerous. It is highly reactive. Explodes on contact with water and oxygen. All operations with organometallic compounds must be carried out in an atmosphere of pure inert gas (purified nitrogen, argon). Small quantities of triethylaluminum can be stored in sealed strong glass ampoules. Large quantities should be stored in hermetically sealed containers, in a dry nitrogen environment, or in the form of a dilute solution in some hydrocarbon solvent (pentane, hexane, gasoline - so as not to contain moisture). Triethylaluminum is a toxic substance: when inhaled, its vapors affect the lungs, and if it comes into contact with the skin, painful burns occur. Gasoline is also used in these industries. Gasoline is a flammable liquid; the flash point for different types of gasoline ranges from - 50 to 28 °C. The concentration limits of ignition of a mixture of gasoline vapors and air are 2-12% (volume). This has a narcotic effect on the human body. MPC of gasoline in air = 10.3*10-3 kg/m3. Powdered polyolefins form explosive mixtures. The maximum permissible concentration for polypropylene is: 0.0126 kg/m3. When transporting powdered polyolefins, aerosols are formed and static electricity charges inevitably accumulate, which can lead to sparking. Transportation of polyolefins through a pipeline is carried out in an atmosphere of inert gas. A similar polymer is polyvinyl chloride. The production and use of vinyl chloride is also classified as explosive and fire hazardous (category A). Vinyl chloride in a gaseous state has a narcotic effect; prolonged stay in a room whose atmosphere contains a large amount of vinyl chloride causes dizziness and loss of consciousness. The maximum permissible concentration in working areas is 3*10-5 kg/m3. At a concentration of 1*10-4 kg/m3 it causes irritation of the mucous membranes, and the smell begins to be felt even at 2*10-4 kg/m3. Inhalation of vapors from open evaporation of the monomer causes acute poisoning. Other monomers used in the production of polytetrafluoroethylene, polytrifluorochloroethylene, and polyvinyl fluorides are also no less toxic. In this regard, it is necessary to ensure control of the environmental safety of the process of creating polymers and polymeric materials, their operation and the destruction of PM waste after their use by humans. 2. Classification of polymer waste Based on their sources of formation, all polymer waste is divided into three groups: technological production waste; industrial consumption waste; public consumption waste. Technological waste of polymer materials arises during their synthesis and processing. They are divided into irremovable and removable technological waste. Unremovable waste includes edges, trimmings, sprues, debris, burrs, etc. Such waste is generated from 5 to 35%. Unremovable waste is a high-quality raw material with properties no different from the original primary polymer. Its processing into products does not require special equipment and is carried out at the same enterprise. Removable technological waste of production is formed when technological regimes in the processes of synthesis and processing are not observed, i.e. this is a technological defect that can be minimized or completely eliminated. Technological production waste is processed into various products, used as an additive to feedstock, etc. Industrial consumption waste accumulates as a result of the failure of products made of polymeric materials that are not used in various industries (tires, containers and packaging, agricultural film waste, fertilizer bags, etc.). These wastes are the most homogeneous, least contaminated and therefore are of the greatest interest from the point of view of their recycling. Public consumption waste accumulates in our homes, in food establishments, etc., and then ends up in city landfills. Ultimately, they move into a new category of waste - mixed waste. This waste makes up more than 50% of public consumption waste. The amount of such waste is constantly growing and in Russia amounts to about 80 kg per capita. The greatest difficulties are associated with the processing and use of mixed waste. The reason for this is the incompatibility of thermoplastics included in household waste, which requires a step-by-step separation of materials. The volumes of industrial and household waste in the form of disused polymer products are significant and are gradually increasing, taking into account advanced packaging materials for technical and household items: food products, soft drinks, medicines; decommissioning of polyethylene film, greenhouse farms, feed production; bags of mineral fertilizers, household chemicals, nylon nets, household items, social and cultural amenities, children's toys, sports equipment, carpet flooring, linoleum, transport packaging, containers; waste from the production and operation of cables, polymer pipes, etc.; PET containers and packaging and other PET-based products. In addition, massive imports of industrial, food products, medical products, cosmetics, etc. in polymer packaging increase the volume of generation of this waste. These wastes are specific because they do not rot or self-destruct; they accumulate, occupying land, polluting populated areas, water bodies, and forests. When burned, they release toxic gases; in landfills they are a favorable environment for the life of rodents and insects. Thus, industrial and household waste of polymer products pose an environmental hazard. wastewater recycling polymer 3. Methods for recycling and neutralization of polymer materials What approaches are used to combat environmental pollution associated with polymer production? .Thermal methods of recycling and neutralization of waste polymer materials. It would seem that the most natural thing would be the oxidation of these organic substances at high temperatures or simply burning them. However, this essentially destroys valuable substances and materials. The combustion products, at best, are water and carbon dioxide, which means that it is not possible to return even the original monomers, the polymerization of which produced the destroyed polymers. In addition, as mentioned above, the release of large quantities of carbon dioxide CO2 into the atmosphere leads to global undesirable effects, in particular the greenhouse effect. But what’s even worse is that when burned, harmful volatile substances are formed that pollute the air and, accordingly, water and land. Not to mention numerous additives, including dyes and pigments, various compounds are released into the environment, including heavy metals used as catalysts in the synthesis of polyethylene, which are extremely harmful to human health. Thermal methods for processing polymer waste can be divided into: for thermal destruction of polymer materials to produce solid, liquid and gaseous products; for combustion or inhalation, leading to the formation of gaseous products and ash. In turn, thermal destruction is conventionally divided: for shallow thermal decomposition of polymers at relatively low temperatures with the formation of mainly low-molecular substances; for pyrolysis at elevated temperatures, leading to the production of liquid and gaseous products and a small amount of solid residue. Using pyrolysis, you can obtain a number of useful products, but this method is considered very energy-intensive and requires the use of expensive equipment. There is such a method as depositing polymer waste in landfills, which is clearly impractical, since most plastics do not decompose for decades, causing enormous damage to the soil. Thus, traditional methods of waste disposal - deposition and combustion - are unacceptable for polymers. In the first case, as a result of exposure to water, harmful amine-containing products are formed, in the second, toxic gases are released, such as hydrogen cyanide, nitrogen oxides, etc. .Creation of polymer materials with adjustable service life. In recent years, new ideas for the synthesis of “environmentally friendly” polymers and products made from them have emerged and begun to be practically implemented. We are talking about polymers and materials made from them that can decompose more or less quickly under natural conditions. Let us note that all biological polymers, that is, polymers synthesized by plants and living organisms, which primarily include proteins and polysaccharides, are to one degree or another subject to destruction, the catalysts of which are enzymes. The principle is observed here: what nature creates, it is capable of destroying. If this principle did not work, then the same polymers, produced in huge quantities by microorganisms, plants and animals, would remain on the earth after their death. This is difficult to even imagine, because it would be a fantastic global dump of the corpses of all organisms that existed on earth. Fortunately, this does not happen, and highly efficient biological catalysts - enzymes - do their job and successfully cope with this task. Three types of degradable polymeric materials are known, namely: photodegradable; biodegradable; water soluble. All of them are sufficiently stable under normal operating conditions and are easily decomposed. To give polymer materials the ability to degrade under the influence of light, special additives are used or a photosensitive group is introduced into the composition. In order for such polymer materials to find practical application, they must satisfy the following requirements: as a result of modification, the performance characteristics of the polymer should not significantly change; additives introduced into the polymer must not be toxic; polymers must be processed using conventional methods without being subject to decomposition; it is necessary that products made from such polymers can be stored and operated for a long time in the absence of direct penetration of UV rays; the time until the polymer fails must be known and vary widely; Polymers are known that decompose under the influence of microorganisms. In this case, substances were introduced into the polymer that themselves are easily destroyed and absorbed by microorganisms. Graft copolymers of starch and methyl acrylate have found practical importance, films of which are used in agriculture for mulching the soil. Unbranched paraffin hydrocarbons are very well absorbed by microorganisms. Biodegradable additives include carboxylcellulose, lactose, casein, yeast, urea and others. .Compositions containing waste polymer materials. Waste polymer materials are widely used in construction. In most asphalt road surfaces, the main binding component is bitumen of various natures. They are characterized by insufficient water resistance. All this significantly worsens the properties of asphalt pavements and shortens their service life. The use of polyolefins in composition with bitumen is one of the traditional directions for modifying the properties of coatings. It has been experimentally established that introducing more than 30% waste into polyolefins is impractical, as this can cause delamination of the system. The compositions are obtained by mixing bitumen with polyolefin waste at 40...100 °C, and the mixture is unloaded into special forms in which cooling occurs at room temperature. The following areas of waste use in construction can be distinguished: use in compositions with traditional building materials in order to modify their properties; obtaining soundproofing slabs and panels; creation of sealants used in the construction of buildings and hydraulic structures. .Use of waste polymer materials through recycling. A much more promising and reasonable way to reduce environmental pollution by polymers is the recycling of used polymers and products made from them. This problem, however, is not as simple as it might seem at first glance, if only because we are usually dealing with dirty waste, which includes, for example, sand particles. This excludes the possibility of using high-performance and high-tech equipment used in the primary processing of initial polymers. This equipment would simply quickly fail due to the abrasive effects of solid particles of mineral origin. But even during processing, if it is possible in principle, the resulting products are “dirty”, the presentation and consumer properties of which cannot compete with primary products. Here, however, there is an opportunity to use recycled products for another purpose, which involves significantly lower requirements. In particular, contaminated polyethylene products can be processed into plates several millimeters thick for use as a roofing material, which has a number of undeniable advantages over traditional ones, such as low density, which means low weight, flexibility and corrosion resistance, as well as low thermal conductivity, which means good thermal insulation properties. The general scheme for recycling polymer materials includes the following stages: pre-sorting and cleaning; grinding; washing and separation; classification by type; drying, granulating and processing into a product. The greatest success in this regard has been achieved in the recycling of large-scale rubber products, such as tires, including automobile tires. They are made from vulcanized rubbers filled with soot, the content of which in tires, which are black because of this, reaches 40% by weight. At the end of their service life, such tires are not thrown away, but are crushed into crumbs. Crushing using inexpensive equipment makes it possible to obtain large particles, the size of which reaches one millimeter or more. These large particles are added to road surfacing materials, which significantly improves their mechanical properties and durability. Special machines make it possible to obtain thin dispersions, the particles of which have a size of about 0.01 millimeters. This crumb is added to rubber during the production of new tires, significantly saving raw materials. At the same time, the quality of the tires obtained in this way is practically not inferior to the original ones. This approach allows us to simultaneously significantly reduce harm to the environment due to its littering with useless products and at the same time significantly save the consumption of rubbers obtained either by the polymerization of petroleum products or from the latex sap of Hevea trees. 4. Wastewater and gas emissions treatment 1 Wastewater treatment methods Most enterprises for the production of synthetic polymers and plastics produce large amounts of wastewater containing pollutants of various origins. Without deep cleaning, they are discharged into rivers and reservoirs, thereby polluting them, which leads to environmental deterioration. Currently, this problem has become so urgent that in the future it is necessary to completely eliminate the formation of wastewater up to its complete elimination based on cyclic processes. The most economical use of water will reduce the volume of wastewater; their complete elimination and minimal consumption of fresh water is possible only through the creation of waste-free processes operating in a closed cycle. Experience in designing such production facilities has shown that, in addition to all other advantages, it is also more economical than an open scheme with wastewater discharge and treatment. The most commonly used methods include the following: · to remove coarse particles - settling, flotation, filtration, clarification, centrifugation; · to remove fine and colloidal particles - coagulation, flocculation, electrical sedimentation methods; · for purification from inorganic compounds - distillation, ion exchange, cooling methods, electrical methods; · for purification from organic compounds - extraction, absorption, flotation, biological oxidation, ozonation, chlorination. · for purification from gases and vapors - blowing, heating, reagent methods; · to destroy harmful substances - thermal decomposition. The treatment methods used are determined by the volume of wastewater, quantity, dispersion and composition of impurities. Due to the large number of impurities and their layered composition, as a rule, purification methods are used in a complex manner. The creation of efficiently operating treatment plants at enterprises is intended for: · prevention of pollution of natural waters by industrial wastewater; · reduction of water consumption, because The return of purified water to the production cycle allows you to organize the water cycle in the enterprise. 2 Methods for purifying gas emissions from polymer production The production of polymer materials is accompanied by the release of toxic substances contained in gas emissions. Depending on the volume and composition of gas emissions, various methods have been developed for their purification from toxic substances: fire, thermocatalytic, sorption-catalytic. Fire method. Direct combustion of gas emissions can be carried out both in drying installations and in boiler furnaces, in the latter the degree of neutralization is 99% at temperatures of 1000...2000 °C. The thermocatalytic method of neutralization occurs at temperatures up to 400 °C. Emission purification involves the oxidation of organic substances at 360...400 °C in the presence of platinum group catalysts. Oxidation of organic compounds occurs to the formation of carbon dioxide and water. The degree of purification is 95...97%. The sorption-catalytic method is used to purify gas emissions with a low content of organic compounds. 5. Basic principles for the development of waste-free technologies A waste-free process is a method of production in which raw materials and energy are used most rationally and comprehensively in the cycle: raw materials - production - consumption and secondary raw materials in such a way that any impacts on the environment do not disrupt its normal functioning. The most important principles underlying BOP include the following: consistency; integrated use of raw materials and energy resources; cyclicality of material flows; environmental Safety; rational organization; combination and intersectoral cooperation. The main thing in low-waste, and especially in zero-waste production, is not the recycling of waste, but the organization of technological processes for processing raw materials in such a way that waste is not generated in the production itself. After all, production waste is a part of unused raw materials for one reason or another: semi-finished products, defective products, etc., which are not disposed of for a given period of time and enter the environment. However, in most cases, waste is a raw material for other industries and industries. Fundamentals of plastic processing technology. The main requirements for the development of BOP can be formulated as follows: unconditional compliance with standards for the content of substances in the air and water basins; efficient implementation of the technological process; the use of possibly more economical (taking into account compliance with the first two requirements) technological schemes for purifying gases and liquids. The combination of the three listed requirements poses the problem of choosing optimal solutions in a new way. Thus, from a purely technological point of view, the decommissioning of an enterprise using old technology, which is inevitably associated with significant emissions, may turn out to be premature. However, with an integrated approach to solving this problem, the speedy construction of a new workshop and the liquidation of the existing one may be justified. The lack of a rigorous economic assessment of the damage caused to the environment by harmful emissions still complicates the search for the optimal path. The most rational approach to solving the problem is, first of all, to improve the main technological process, which involves reducing the volume of circulating materials and eliminating possible gas and liquid emissions. Conclusion The current generation of people has finally become convinced that the environment around us - land, water and air - do not have infinite immunity against chemical exploitation. And although careless and careless treatment of nature is still evident today, people have already begun to understand and re-evaluate the catastrophic consequences of this. The importance of solving environmental problems has led to strict requirements for polymers and technologies for their production: the production of polymers must be environmentally friendly or at least have minimal impact on the environment; polymers must be technologically recyclable after the end of their service life or biodegradable. The widespread introduction of polymer materials into various areas of human activity has posed a number of important problems for polymer specialists, including the problem of environmental protection. In order to competently solve these problems, it is necessary to know methods of recycling and neutralization of polymer materials. When introducing plastic products into the national economy, for food and medical purposes, mandatory qualified examination of the composition of released toxic substances and their quantitative assessment using highly sensitive and selective methods is necessary. Processes for processing secondary polymer materials are especially important in terms of reducing the amount of waste, their rational use, and creating waste-free technologies due to the shortage of primary polymers. Recycled polymer materials occupy the same place in processing processes as secondary raw materials currently occupy in metallurgy. List of sources used 1.Russian market for processing polymer waste. Analytical review. Moscow, 2010. .Plastics technology. Ed. V.V. Korshak. M.: Chemistry, 1985, 560 p. 3.Problems of ecology in the production and use of polymer materials. Lirova B.I., Suvorova A.I., Ural State University, 2007, 24 p. .A. B. Zezin, Polymers and the environment. Sorovsky educational magazine, 1996, No. 2 5.Bystrov G.A. Equipment and waste disposal in plastics production. M.: Chemistry, 1982 .Sheftel V.O. Polymer materials. Toxic properties. L., Chemistry 1982, 240 p. .#"justify">. Fundamentals of plastic processing technology. Ed. V.N. Kulezneva, M.: Higher School, 1995, 527 pp., 2004, 600 pp. .General chemical technology of polymers: textbook / V. M. Sutyagin, A. A. Lyapkov - Tomsk: Tomsk Polytechnic University Publishing House, 2007. - 195 p. 10.Lyapkov A.A., Ionova E.I. Environmental protection technology. Tutorial. - Tomsk: Publishing house. TPU, 2008. - 317 p.Similar works to - Environmental problems of polymer production
Baltic State Academy of Fishing Fleet
Faculty of Transport
Department of Emergency Protection
Topic: “Environmental risks in the production of building materials”
Completed by: Krupnova A.S.
Tosunova D.D.
ZChS Group – 32
Kaliningrad 2009
Goal and tasks
The goal is to determine the environmental risk to the environment and humans.
1. Identify enterprises related to the construction industry and located in the Kaliningrad region
2. Identify explosives emitted into the air during the production of building materials by enterprises in the Kaliningrad region
3. Determine the volume of emissions from construction industry enterprises in the Kaliningrad region
4. Conduct a study at one of the enterprises of the Kaliningrad region construction industry
5. Determine the negative consequences for the environment and humans when standards are exceeded due to emissions of explosives into the atmosphere
List of enterprises in the Kaliningrad region
1. Plant “Reinforced Concrete Products – 1”, Pribrezhny village, Zavodskaya St., 11
2. Factory "Reinforced Concrete Products - 2" Mukomolnaya St., 14
3. Brick factory “Chaikovsky” Pravdinsky district, Zheleznodorozhny village, Kirpichnaya st., 3
4. Asphalt-concrete plant, Dvinskaya St., 93
5. Baltkeramika LLC, Zavodskaya str., 11
6. Ecoblock LLC Maloye Isakovo, Guryevskaya St., 1
7. Cosmoblock LLC, Baltic Highway, 1
Production of building materials and harmful substances released into the atmosphere during their production
Concrete production
Concrete is an artificial stone made by mixing cement, gravel and water.
The components are poured into a concrete mixer and water is supplied into it at the same time.
After mixing, the starting materials form a plastic mixture similar to a heavy liquid. Therefore, freshly prepared concrete is not called concrete, but a concrete mixture. Only after some time does the mixture harden and turn into stone, i.e. concrete.
Reinforced concrete is concrete reinforced with structural steel.
Main pollutants: oxides of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur; hydrocarbons; inorganic dust
Asphalt production
Asphalt is a mixture of bitumen (60-75% natural and 13-60% artificial) with minerals (limestone, sandstone, etc.). Used in a mixture with sand, gravel, crushed stone for the construction of highways, as a roofing, waterproofing and electrical insulating material, for the preparation of putties and adhesives.
Classic asphalt concrete consists of crushed stone, sand, mineral powder (filler) and bitumen binder (bitumen, polymer-bitumen binder).
Main pollutants: lead and its inorganic compounds
Nitrogen oxides; soot; sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide – SO2); carbon monoxide (CO); saturated hydrocarbons C12 -C19; fuel oil ash; inorganic dust (SiO2 > 70%) dinas, etc.; inorganic dust (SiO2 = 20-70%), cement, fireclay, etc.; inorganic dust (SiO2<20 %) известняк и др.
Brick production
Ceramic brick is a brick obtained by firing clays and their mixtures in an oven.
Ceramic bricks are made from clay, most often red, and at the end of production they are fired at an operating temperature in a kiln of up to 1000°C.
There are three ways to prepare ceramic bricks:
The first and most common is the plastic method: the clay mass (with a humidity of 17 - 30%) is squeezed out of a belt press and then fired.
The second method is distinguished by the preparation of the raw material - it is formed from a clay mass with a moisture content of 8 - 10% by strong pressing.
The technology for producing bricks using the rigid extrusion method involves molding bricks on a belt press at a clay moisture content of 12-14%. The molded brick has high strength, so immediately after cutting it is placed on a kiln trolley, on which the brick drying process takes place.
Production of gas silicate blocks
The production of aerated concrete involves the introduction of substances that release gas during chemical interaction with cement and lime, and aluminum powder or paste acts as a gas generator. According to HEBEL aerated concrete production technology, the raw mixture of quartz sand, lime, cement, after expansion, undergoes subsequent autoclave treatment at a temperature of 180 degrees and a pressure of about 14 bar. Numerous pores of 1–3 mm in size are formed in the resulting mass, which give the material properties such as thermal insulation, frost resistance and lightness.
Main pollutants: oxides of silicon, aluminum, nitrogen, carbon.
Production of foam concrete blocks
The production of foam blocks is based on the technology of producing ready-made foam concrete blocks as a result of hardening of a solution consisting of cement, sand, water and foam. The following methods are used in the production of foam blocks: pouring foam concrete into cassette metal molds and removing the finished foam blocks manually, pouring large masses and cutting them into blocks and pouring non-separable cassette molds with subsequent automatic demoulding.
Main pollutants: oxides of silicon, nitrogen, carbon; heavy metal compounds; aerosols and suspensions.
Table 1. Volumes of emissions from the construction industry into the atmosphere in 2003
OJSC "Zavod ZhBI-2" is a single modern largest complex in Kaliningrad and the region for the production of concrete and reinforced concrete products (RCC), ready-mixed concrete, mortars for various purposes, reinforcing mesh, frames.
Let's consider the environmental risk associated with environmental pollution and harmful effects on people.
Table 2. Standards for maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the air for reinforced concrete products – 2
Name of pollutant | Total emissions for 2008, t/year |
Vanadium pentoxide | |
Iron oxide | |
Manganese and its compounds | |
Nitrogen dioxide | |
Nitrogen oxide | |
Sulfur dioxide | |
Hydrogen sulfide | |
Carbon monoxide | |
Fluoride gaseous compounds | |
Fluorides inorganic.poor solution. | |
Benzopyrene | |
White Spirit | |
Saturated hydrocarbons C12 – C19 | |
Emulson | |
Suspended solids | |
Dust inorganic, containing. 70 – 20% silicon dioxide | |
Abrasive dust | |
Wood dust | |
Fluoride gaseous compounds | |
Including vehicles |
|
Nitrogen dioxide | |
Nitrogen oxide | |
Sulfur dioxide | |
Carbon oxide | |
Total | 4,098987 |
Including: |
|
liquid and gaseous |
Table 3. Waste generation standards for reinforced concrete products – 2
Name | Hazard Class | Annual standard, t/year | 2008 |
Welding slag | |||
Spent abrasive wheels and their scrap | |||
Lead batteries | |||
Cleaning material contaminated with oils | |||
Waste of solid production materials, contaminated with oil and mineral fatty products | |||
Used oils | |||
Waste concrete mixture containing dust< 30% | |||
Residues and cinders of steel welding electrodes | |||
Unsorted steel scrap | |||
Steel shavings are not contaminated. | |||
Wood waste from natural pure wood | |||
Natural pure wood sawdust | |||
Natural pure wood shavings |
Table 4. Background concentration of pollutants around concrete products – 2
Predicting the risk of knock-on effects from the construction industry
For nitrogen dioxide: 2nd class.
Prob=-5.51+7.49lg(0.15/0.085)=-3.66
For dust: 3rd class.
Prob=-2.35+3.73lg(0.39/0.3)=-1.92
For nitric oxide: 3rd class.
Prob=-2.35+3.73lg(0.04/0.4)=-6.08
For carbon monoxide: 4th class.
Prob=-1.41+2.33log(3.1/5)=-1.89
conclusions
Based on the conducted research, we can conclude:
1. If the standards for emissions of carbon monoxide and dust are exceeded at concrete products - 2, 297 and 278 people out of 10,000 will suffer, respectively.
2. When exposed to carbon monoxide on the human body, the development of oxygen deficiency, disruption of cellular respiration and death of the body (at a concentration of 1% within several minutes), and heart attacks are possible.
3. When exposed to inorganic dust on the body, it is possible to develop pulmonary diseases and inflammatory processes in them, reduce ventilation ability and lung capacity, damage to the mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, skin irritation, increased mortality from lung and intestinal cancer, increased incidence of tonsillitis, pharyngitis , rhinitis.
Environmental impact diagram of the building materials industry (BMI).
In the context of intensive industrial development and the construction of large and small cities, the question arises of preventing the negative impact of human activity on the environment.
A large role in solving this problem is given to the construction industry, in particular, the building materials industry. The impact of the building materials industry on the environment is varied and occurs at all stages, from the extraction of raw materials to the operation of buildings and structures, i.e. throughout the entire life cycle. Many enterprises in the construction industry are sources of environmental pollution (air and water basins, the surface of the Earth) with cement asbestos, expanded clay and other types of dust; flue gases of thermal installations; wastewater, various oils and emulsions; fuels and lubricants; waste and defective products.
Extraction of raw materials and processing into construction materials and products should be carried out using resource-saving technologies that should not have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, much attention in the construction industry is given to the creation of low- and waste-free technologies that make it possible to solve not only the problem of protecting the environment from man-made pollution, but also the problem of rational use of natural resources.
Waste-free technology is the main method of production, in which raw materials and energy are used more rationally and comprehensively in the cycle of raw materials - production, consumption - secondary raw materials, in such a way that any impacts on the environment do not disrupt its normal functioning.
One of the forms of waste-free technology is the processing and disposal of waste from various industries, incl. and their own.
Waste disposal is a socio-economic problem. Removal and dumping of industrial waste means the loss of part of the social labor and funds spent on production, as well as on protecting the environment from pollution.
Industrial waste pollutes water basins and soil. At the same time, many types of waste represent valuable raw materials for the production of building materials.
Thus, the main directions of environmental protection in the building materials industry are as follows:
the use of secondary mineral resources from many industries (large-scale waste from energy, metallurgy, chemistry, etc.), as well as our own;
rational use of fuel and energy resources with the choice of the most efficient and least polluting;
Transition of enterprises to low- and waste-free production;
Rational water consumption with the development and implementation of technologies that provide for minimal water consumption, a closed water supply cycle, and an effective wastewater treatment system.
Environmental safety engineering in the construction industry
Ensuring environmental safety in the construction industry is carried out through environmental protection measures and rational use of resources consumed in the production of building materials.
To obtain objective information about the state and level of pollution of various environmental objects (air, water and soil), it is necessary to use reliable analysis methods. The effectiveness of any method is assessed by a set of indicators: selectivity and accuracy of determination, reproducibility of the obtained materials, detection limits of the element and speed of analysis.
One of the most important measures to ensure effective control of the state of the environment is an inventory of all emissions and discharges that pollute the atmosphere, water and soil.
The state of the environment is monitored through analysis of air, water and soil. In addition, in order to improve the environment and prevent its pollution, measures are being developed aimed at the production of environmentally friendly building materials, products and structures using advanced environmentally friendly technologies.
One of the directions for stabilizing and subsequently improving the state of the environment is the creation of a system of environmental certification of enterprises in the construction industry. The methodological basis for certification is GOST 17.00.04-90 “Passport of an industrial enterprise. Basic provisions". The Federal Law on Technical Regulation is also aimed at this.