Mastic for a waterproofing of pools. Types of waterproofing pools. More about internal waterproofing

The waterproofing of the pool is carried out in the complex of construction works. The main task that is being solved at this stage is to protect the structure and its supporting elements from moisture. With regular operation, water in large volumes will constantly exert pressure on the bottom of the pool. To avoid significant deformation of the structure, it is recommended not only to pay attention to the project at the drafting stage, to carry out construction work correctly, but also to perform waterproofing. The choice of suitable materials also plays an important role.

Internal and external waterproofing

A number of measures are taken to protect the outer surface of the base of the pool. In this case, we mean the laying of moisture-resistant materials from the side of the ground. The waterproofing of the pool is called external. It is equally important to protect the fine finish and all internal communications from exposure to the water contained in the bowl. Such pool waterproofing performs other functions and is called internal.

The features of each of these layers should be studied in more detail. For example, external waterproofing significantly reduces the likelihood of groundwater impact on the base of the structure. At the construction stage, they are guided by the requirements that apply to foundations. However, the pool is subjected to more intensive loads, since it is influenced not only by the heaving process and ground water(from the side of the soil), but also dynamic loads, as well as shrinkage and possible changes in the geometry of the bowl, which occur due to thermal expansion and as a result of exposure to a large volume of water.

Waterproofing layers

External waterproofing of the pool is carried out using different materials. The main options that are suitable for this purpose are:

roll;
coating;
penetrating;
membrane.

However, roll materials are more often used. In this case, it is not necessary to carefully prepare the surface. Additionally, clay castles are made. This is a natural way to protect against groundwater penetration, which is due to the properties of clay. However, such measures are not effective in some cases. So, if groundwater lies closer to the soil surface, and there is a risk that the liquid will wash away the base of the pool, measures must be taken to divert it. For this purpose, a drainage system is equipped.

The most effective option is that which involves the use of different types of waterproofing materials to protect the base of the tank. For example, walls on the outside are insulated, insulated, and then another moisture-proof layer is laid, but of a different structure. For reliability, a clay castle is equipped.

Internal waterproofing - installation

More about internal waterproofing

For the pool, it is important to protect the base (external walls) and the bowl itself. You should know that concrete is a hygroscopic material, due to its porous structure. Gradually, it absorbs moisture, which reaches metal structure provided for strengthening the pool. The frame, made of reinforcement, rusts over time. This means that it will become less durable. As a result, the entire structure will suffer, and it will be impossible to operate the pool.

When frozen, the liquid in the pores of the concrete can cause irreversible changes. During the thawing process, the degree of stress increases significantly. Cracks appear, and they appear inside. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the constant impact of aggressive environments on the materials from which the bowl is made.

All these factors can be eliminated or smoothed out as much as possible if the inner surface of the pool is covered with a waterproofing material. For this purpose, various types of protection are used:

roll coating;
penetrating compounds;
liquid and coating insulation.

When arranging the pool inside the building and in the open air, various technologies. The internal insulation of pools is a mandatory step in any of the cases, but the protection of the external surface of the structure from the soil is necessary only for outdoor structures. If internal waterproofing of pools is performed, it is recommended to use coating, liquid materials. This is due to the fact that such compositions are characterized by high adhesion to surfaces. However, in this case, you will have to carefully prepare the pool bowl.

outdoor swimming pool

Overview of types of waterproofing materials

To protect surfaces inside and out, the most popular options are most often used:

penetrating compounds;
cement mixtures that contain polymer additives;
membrane coatings;
polymeric, mineral materials;
PVC film.

If penetrating compounds are considered, a prime example is the Penetron mixture. This option and similar moisture-proof materials act on the principle of blockage of micropores concrete structure. This eliminates the possibility of water penetration into them. This protection is valid as long as the pool is in operation. The mixture is not washed out, which means that you can count on a really long service life.

However, penetrating compounds also have disadvantages, for example, with their help it will not be possible to protect a structure covered with a layer of plaster. In addition, they do not fill cracks. Another disadvantage is the inability to protect the butt joints between concrete and elements made of other materials (plastic, metal).

The principle of operation of the penetrating mixture

Cement mixtures containing plasticizers and polymer additives are often used.

Due to the composition, these materials provide protection of the structure from moisture, are durable.

However, polymer-cement mixtures are inelastic when cured. As a result, under the influence of the loads exerted by the water mass on the pool bowl, the surface may be deformed.

Membrane materials are distinguished by a rather complex installation technology. This is the name of liquid compositions that polymerize when solidified. They are applied several times. A reinforcing fabric is laid between the layers. This helps to harden the coating. A double layer of reinforcement is laid at the joints of structural elements (wall-bottom) and corners. This material is the most durable when compared with analogues on the market. It is able to maintain integrity even with the formation of cracks in concrete (up to 3 mm). However, the membrane is more expensive than other materials.

Polymer mastics are characterized by strength, elasticity. The basis of such materials is polyurethane or diamines, polyesteramines. The film has no seams, vapor-permeable. However, solvents are also present in the composition. In addition, it is problematic to lay tiles on top of the polymer mastic.

Application of waterproofing mastic (video)

The most affordable and easy to install is PVC film. However, it differs in simplified characteristics and less attractive appearance. In addition, condensation forms under the film, so it must be possible to drain it (drainage system).

How is waterproofing done?

All work can be divided into two stages: protection of the structure on the outside and inside the bowl. The first part of the process is implemented at the very beginning of construction. Sequencing:

For pools, it is very important to provide protection from groundwater. If they lie quite close to the bottom of the structure or higher, they equip the drainage system.
The walls of the pool are leveled with a screed.
Seams and all surfaces are treated with a penetrating compound. It should have the consistency of liquid sour cream. It is recommended to apply two layers with a break of 1 day.
For reliability, another type of waterproofing is also used: liquid or roll material.
To reduce the likelihood of flooding of the structure, the walls of the pool on the outside are covered with clay. The layer needs to be compacted. Then the leaks around the bowl are filled with soil.

Pool insulation roll

If roll insulation is used, more material must be purchased than necessary. The thing is that when laying on the walls on the outside, you will have to lay the coating with a margin. Then it will be possible to connect the material to the internal insulation. The second stage of work is to protect the bowl from water:

It is necessary to wait until the surface, including the plaster layer, is completely dry. It is recommended to level the floor of the pool with a screed, to which liquid glass.
To seal the floor, a polymer-cement mixture is used. Most often, self-leveling compounds are used for this.
The walls are treated with impregnation (penetrating insulation). It is important to pay special attention to the corner sections, joints, inlets of communications.
At the last stage, when the penetrating composition crystallizes, mastic is applied. It will protect the floor and walls, which will allow you to get a seamless coating.

During the installation of the pool bowl and the waterproofing itself, it is necessary to withstand the time allotted for the materials to dry. Violation of the technology can lead to unpleasant consequences: the appearance of cracks, depressurization of the insulation, and a reduction in the service life of the structure.

Currently, many owners of country cottages, traditional dachas and individual houses arrange pools of various sizes and configurations on their plots. In addition to the fact that this hydraulic structure performs a decorative function, giving the territory luxury and relevance, it also contributes to the improvement of all those who use this reservoir.

Having built a pool with your own hands, you will not become a real hydraulic engineer, but you will acquire many building specialties that will be useful to you many times in the future when building a variety of buildings.

It should be noted that technically the pool is a rather complex structure. A significant volume of water inside exerts a constant uniform pressure on the frame, ultimately leading to the destruction of the pool structure. This happens if certain deviations, incorrect calculations were made during the construction of a hydraulic structure, or insufficiently high-quality materials were used.

However, this, all of the above, does not mean that a home pond cannot be built with your own hands. One of the most important steps technological process is the waterproofing of the pool. It is the waterproofing of the water tank that determines the purity of the water inside the pool, the frequency of its filling, as well as its overall service life.

Types of pool waterproofing

Waterproofing occupies an intermediate stage between the main construction of the pool and subsequent finishing work.

Experts distinguish between two types of waterproofing:

External, providing protection from soil water;
Internal, the function of which is to prevent the impact of pool moisture on its walls and bottom.

External waterproofing of the pool

Under no circumstances should the external waterproofing of the pool be neglected. Seasonal movements of the soil, the flow of groundwater, a change in the state of aggregation of water - all this has a devastating effect on the reinforcement of the pool in cases where the external waterproofing is not of sufficient quality. And if this is not done from the very beginning, then in the future such problems will appear that will no longer be possible to solve without destroying the hydraulic structure to the ground.

Internal waterproofing.

The internal waterproofing of the pool protects the frame from the penetration of water into it and, as a result, prevents its corrosion. As well as well-executed internal waterproofing prevents peeling of the finishing layers, which is a guarantee of long-term operation of the pool.

Requirements for the device of internal waterproofing:

High adhesive properties;
Resistance to opening cracks smaller than 3 mm;
Excellent waterproofing properties;
Elasticity of the insulating layer;
Excellent hydrostatic properties;
Resistant to mold and fungal structures.

Waterproofing: technological methods

Before proceeding with waterproofing work, the work surface should be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, as well as cracks, sinks and other surface defects should be carefully repaired.

Processing of the insulated surface: methods and techniques

The most qualitative result is provided by the use of sandblasting tools.

Together with it, the goal of obtaining a quality result is used efficient materials for waterproofing.

1. Polymerizing compositions.

The special type of molecules of this substance through the polymerization process creates a durable polymer coating with the properties of high-quality plastic. Its purpose is to enhance the structural characteristics of the water reservoir and prepare the concrete surface for the application of a finishing layer in the form of plaster.

2. Treatment with mineral acids.

Solutions of mineral nature provide effective susceptibility of the concrete base of the pool frame to the subsequent application of waterproofing.

Additives different kind to waterproofing solutions.

To improve the adhesive properties of the concrete base, a variety of adhesive solutions and grouts are used, including such proven materials as

liquid rubber,
polymer membranes.

3. Penetrating cement impregnation.

Based on modern polymeric materials, high-tech insulating impregnations were created. The principle of their operation is that the polymer molecules penetrate into the pores of the concrete base of the water reservoir and securely seal them on a hermetic basis.

The polymer is frost-resistant, it retains its properties in the temperature range from minus 20 to plus 40 degrees Celsius.

An important quality of the material is that it has increased adhesion, so its penetration depth varies from 0.3 to 0.5 meters. In addition, this polymeric material has fungicidal properties, that is, it prevents the occurrence and spread of mold, bacteria and fungi that can make the pool completely unusable in a short time.

The action of the penetrating waterproofing of the pool could be considered as the most effective method, however, this method also has disadvantages. For example, at the joints of the equipment and coating elements, as well as at the junctions of the parts of the water supply system with an insulating layer - in these places it is quite difficult to ensure the tightness of the entire tank when using a penetrating composition.

4. Bitumen based materials.

These include roofing material, mastics and roll coatings of welded application. This material has been successfully used for more than fifty years, however, despite the low cost and ease of installation, it does not compete with modern materials for facing work when waterproofing.

5. Sand-cement mixture.

It is this simple and reliable method of waterproofing that is chosen in most cases when arranging pools in mid-latitudes. It is suitable for the construction of a reservoir on the site, and for waterproofing a home pool.

Modern sand-cement mixture is a multicomponent composition, it necessarily contains modifying additives. It is applied in several stages: a new layer of the mixture is applied after the previous one has completely dried. The thickness of each layer can vary from 3 to 5 cm, so the drying time also varies. After that, you can use various adhesive materials for high-quality application. finishing materials such as plaster.

Due to the successful combination of composition and application technology, the pool is very strong and durable. The structure erected by this method perceives both static and dynamic loads without destruction.

6.Cement strainer.

The traditional cement screed has proven its worth in waterproofing work for decades. Compared to other methods, cement mortar-based waterproofing has excellent performance:

high vapor permeability, which eliminates the presence of swelling, shells, bubbles in the design of the pool bowl;
excellent reliability;
good manufacturability, which allows you to apply the solution on a moistened surface;
durability of the building;
maintainability.

However, this method has both advantages and disadvantages. Cement mortar does not respond well to temperature changes. Such a quality as elasticity, this material is practically absent. With seasonal changes in climate and soil, centers of concentrated stress appear in the cement structure, which lead to cracks - precursors of the destruction of a water reservoir. To solve this problem, it is recommended to use silicone-based sealants.

7. Liquid glass.

The technology of waterproofing works using liquid glass has become widespread at the present time. The term "Liquid glass" refers to a water-based sodium silicate solution. This method of waterproofing works has undeniable advantages:

excellent antiseptic properties,
high tightness,
ease of application,
excellent adhesive properties,
can be used as a modifying additive.

Liquid glass, applied according to all the requirements of the technology, can increase the service life of the tank bowl by several times. The effectiveness of liquid glass does not change depending on the type of material used. The material hermetically fills microscopic voids in concrete or other material, creating a protective coating for it from moisture and microorganisms. Liquid glass is immune to high temperatures.

The disadvantage of this method of pool waterproofing is the high cost of the work. In this case, the possibility of using liquid glass as an additive in the main, cheaper solution is considered.

8. High strength polyethylene

Waterproofing with plastic sheeting is one of the cheapest ways to protect your pool deck. However, when choosing this method, one should also take into account the fact that even the smallest hole in the polyethylene sheet will lead to the unusability of the entire waterproofing layer. Moreover, over time, this danger will only increase due to the fact that the material will gradually lose the plasticizer.

9. Waterproofing of swimming pools using membrane technology.

The membranes best suit the goals and objectives of pool waterproofing. They have a unique tensile strength, can easily withstand tensile and compressive deformation loads, and are distinguished by excellent elasticity and pressure resistance. For high-quality installation of membranes, welding equipment is used, which should be operated by a qualified professional.

During the implementation of waterproofing work, special care should also be taken in welding the seams. Even the slightest omissions or shortcomings in the connection of the membrane elements will lead to the fact that the entire huge volume of water from the tank will seep under the waterproofing of the pool.

Do-it-yourself pool waterproofing

When choosing one or another method of waterproofing a future personal reservoir, you should:

determine the type of soil composition of the building site,
depth of passage of groundwater;
landscape and slope of the territory;
the presence and location of shrubs and trees.

Based on all this, choose the most suitable waterproofing material, and in accordance with it, take into account the features of the application process.

Thus, based on a careful approach to all stages of the process, it is possible to produce high-quality waterproofing of the water reservoir, which will ensure the reliability and durability of any pool.

Video

Step-by-step instructions for waterproofing pools

Site marking.

The territory intended for the construction of the pool is measured and marked with wooden pegs and a rope. If the construction is large-scale, then from the outside it is necessary to build a technical unit designed for repairing pipes and monitoring the system. Also at this stage, it should be foreseen how the reservoir will be protected from the expansion of frozen soil at low temperatures, i.e. mark the necessary gaps.

The device of an effective drainage system on the building site

If the groundwater level is quite high on the site, then this step should not be neglected. Soil moisture should not rise above the surface of the bottom of the water bowl. Drainage of the site through the installation of a drainage system around the base of the pool must include diversion grooves different directions, laid taking into account the natural slope of the territory.

Pool excavation.

Depending on personal preferences, the pool can have different sizes and configurations, so you can dig a foundation pit for it manually using a garden shovel or use the services of a rented excavator. The finished pit is carefully leveled.

The device of external waterproofing of the pool.

The stage of manufacturing the external waterproofing of the pool has begun. The selected insulating material is laid on the bottom of the bowl in such a way that a large margin remains at the edges. Later, it will be laid in the walls of the future water resource with subsequent attachment to the internal insulation of the walls.

After laying the insulating material, a 20-25 cm layer of sand is applied to the bottom of the future reservoir, followed by tamping. After that, gravel of a low fraction is laid on the sand, which also requires tamping.

Communication device.

After preparing the sand and gravel pad, pipes are installed for filling and draining water from the pool tank. Communications for the supply and intake of water are located on opposite sides of the pool tank. To do this, pre-plan the location of the holes and cut them into the walls of the future pool. For emptying, a drain pipe is installed at the bottom. The drain pipe must have a diameter of at least 10 centimeters, this is necessary to increase the efficiency of the outflow. To prevent possible clogging of the drain with dry leaves and other debris, cover the drain pipe with a grate. If natural outflow is not possible, an electrically powered water pump can be used when installing the outlet pipe for the pool.

After that, a layer of B6 concrete is applied to the communications. It is very good if plasticizing additives are introduced into the concrete mix - this will enhance the waterproofing properties of the pool. The thickness of the applied layer must be at least 10 centimeters, a metal mesh of reinforcement is immediately laid on it. On top of the reinforcing mesh, another concrete pour is made to a depth of 15 centimeters.

Wall arrangement.

After the bottom filled with concrete sets, we begin another important stage - the construction of walls. Prior to the start of concreting, all provided communications of the structure should be removed. The walls are also filled with concrete plasticized mixture. To do this, we use a wooden formwork, in which holes for draining and filling water should be provided. Pour in layers of 10-15 centimeters in stages with the obligatory drying of each layer. As soon as hardening occurs, we produce the internal waterproofing of the pool.

If you want to build a curved or round pool, then you should use a different technology. In this case, a steel sheet is used for the device of wall surfaces. With it, you can get a round or oval pool configuration. Using a steel profile, we connect the sheet into a circle. This profile provides overall stability and strength to the system. On this design, a facing film is attached around the entire perimeter using a fastening ring. After that, we proceed to the installation of technical equipment. But the equipment can be installed only after testing. To do this, we collect water, which will press the film to the walls. After that, we install communication equipment.

Internal waterproofing of the pool.

The dried surface of the tank is leveled and plastered. We apply a waterproofing mixture with a sufficient degree of elasticity to the prepared bowl. After drying, repeat the procedure.

Examination

To make sure that there are no leaks, you should test the operation of the pool with a full load. To do this, fill it with water and measure the filling level 2 times a day, taking into account natural evaporation. It is also necessary to test the installed system for draining and filling water into the tank. To do this, first fill the bowl with water and measure the time for which a full set will occur. Then you should also drain the liquid, which should go away quite intensively. To check the functioning of the system, an organoleptic test is recommended, i.e. visual monitoring of liquid inflow through pipes and outgoing flow check with the palm of your hand. To do this, you just need to put your hand on the pipe: with proper functioning, the flow will be clearly felt.

If the check showed the quality of all stages of work, then you can be sure that this water facility will serve you for many decades! Of course, to preserve its waterproofing properties, timely security measures should be taken:

do not leave liquid in the pool after the onset of cool days. The coming autumn seems to be warm, it creates the illusion that the water can be drained a little later, when the weather becomes cooler, but this is not the case. Frosts at night occur already during the last summer month - August, therefore, in order to avoid breaking communications and damaging the insulating layer, you should take care to drain the tank bowl.
pool cleaning should be regular. Timely cleaning work will help to carry out repair work to restore the insulation in a timely manner, if necessary. Careless operation of the water facility will exacerbate the extent of the damage, jeopardizing the very functioning of the pool.

In conclusion, I would like to add that after going through a difficult and thorny path to build a pool on the site, you should immediately please yourself with a reward - try out the pool with friends and family!

Do-it-yourself pool waterproofing is a whole range of work that needs to be done when building such an object. Of course, today on the market you can find almost any material with the desired moisture resistance, but to achieve the result, you will have to understand the details of the technology.

Below I will tell you what methods of waterproofing exist, what materials should be purchased to solve this problem, and I will also give a proven algorithm for building a pool that will be reliably protected from leakage.

Features of the waterproofing process

What should be taken into account?

Pool waterproofing is an obligatory stage of work, without which the pool will, in fact, not be a pool, but simply a concreted hole in the ground. Moisture-proof coatings, which are usually made multilayer, allow solving a number of problems:

Keeping water inside. A pool is a reservoir with a large (or very large) volume of water, so that the pressure on the walls of the structure from the inside will be very significant. Consequently, water under pressure will look for the slightest gap to get out. And if the used waterproofing for the pool is not reliable enough, the water will find this gap!
Concrete base protection. High-quality concrete, which is used for hydraulic structures, must tolerate long-term contact with a humid environment. Nevertheless, waterproofing materials act as a barrier, which significantly increases the service life of concrete and leveling layer.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that even the most effective waterproofing of pools will not help if the concrete walls are made in violation of technology. The same applies to low-grade concrete: sooner or later, the reservoir will begin to collapse.

Finish protection. If you plan to use ceramic tiles for the interior design of the bowl, you should make sure that the base for gluing is protected from water. Yes, the tile itself has almost absolute resistance to moisture, but if the walls of the pool are not waterproofed, then the adhesion to the adhesive composition will be broken. As a result, the lining will begin to fall off.

Outdoor protection. External waterproofing is required primarily for those parts of the structure that are located below ground level. On the one hand, it will protect the concrete from groundwater infiltration with dissolved layers. On the other hand, it will act as additional protection against leakage, preventing the soil from getting wet around the perimeter.

In general, pool waterproofing is clearly not a stage that can be neglected. The quality of this work directly depends on how reliable and durable the water bowl will turn out. And to ensure this quality, we need to use the right materials.

Materials used

Tank treatment to prevent leakage/infiltration and protect concrete from moisture can be done with different formulations. The range of such funds today is very wide - there is plenty to choose from.

Keep in mind that some materials can also be used as decorative finishes. Others allow concrete to be waterproofed, but require cladding.

Main groups of materials:

Penetrating agents for concrete. The agent ("Penetron" and its analogues) is applied to the concrete surface and, penetrating into microcracks, clogs them. By and large, penetrating waterproofing is used as a preventive and auxiliary. It is quite effective, but to protect the concrete base, it is still desirable to enhance its effect with another waterproof one from another material.

Penetrating compounds have one drawback - they are mostly liquid. As a result, such tools are not suitable for all work - for example, sealing seams and crevices will be very difficult. There are exceptions ("Penecrete" and analogues), but it is quite difficult to find them, and they cost a lot.

Polymer-cement coatings. The basis of the material is cement with the addition of sand, polymer additives are responsible for moisture protection. Finishing concrete bowl carried out in the same way as with conventional cement plaster - on a grid, using spatulas and graters. The key disadvantage is low elasticity: without protection, the layer of material can crack with temperature changes.

silicate materials. Liquid glass for pool waterproofing is used in two ways. In the first case, sodium and potassium silicates are added to the composition of the cement used to level the walls of the tank from the inside. In the second, the composition in liquid form is applied to the concrete surface, penetrating into the pores and preventing moisture infiltration.
Mastics. They are used for both exterior and interior decoration; after partial polymerization, they form an airtight coating that is impervious to vaga. Outside, to protect the pool bowl, a simple and fairly cheap bituminous mastic is usually applied. For internal processing, more expensive compounds are used - PeneSplitSeal and PenePurFoam (injection resins), Polybit Polyflex, Idrosilex Pronto, etc.

The disadvantage of mastics for internal processing is the difficulty of subsequent tiling of the pool bowl. That is, theoretically it is quite possible to do this, but in practice the main difficulty lies in the weak adhesion of polymerized mastics with adhesive compositions.

Liquid rubber for the pool. It is not used so often, since it is almost impossible to fix the lining on it with a sufficient margin of safety. On the other hand, waterproofing with liquid rubber provides complete tightness, and the material itself has an enviable resistance not only to water, but also to most of the components used to clean and disinfect pools. Applied either by hand (paints) or by cold spraying (two-component polymerizable emulsions).

Films and membranes. They are presented on the market in an extensive assortment, they differ not only in thickness, but also in structure (and hence in performance). The film is usually simply placed in a bowl on the adhesive layer, while the membrane is formed from moisture-proof impregnation and reinforcing fabric. The advantages of materials are their elasticity: due to elasticity, they can cover cracks up to 3 mm, while maintaining water resistance.

A significant disadvantage of membranes is the high price. Monochromatic coatings cost from 800 rubles per square meter(with a thickness of 1.5 mm), materials with a pattern or markings - from 1200–1600 rubles / m 2 and more.

Most of the materials listed here will be used in the professional manufacture of pools. This is explained by the fact that the required quality of the coating can only be achieved by mechanized application using special equipment.

If you plan to do all the work on your own, then the combination of such materials will be optimal:

moisture-proof additives in concrete;
penetrating impregnation for concrete base;
external coating waterproofing using bituminous mastic;
internal finishing with paint based on liquid rubber.
or internal leveling with a moisture-resistant impregnated mortar and subsequent tiling.

Naturally, other schemes of complex waterproofing also have the right to exist.

Work algorithms

What is needed to build a bowl?

How to waterproof a swimming pool on your own? To ensure high-quality protection from water, waterproofing measures must be planned at the construction stage, so I will start from this option.

First you need to purchase all the materials.

An indicative list of what is needed to form a waterproof bowl:

Illustration	Material
	Concrete with good moisture resistance for forming pool walls.
	Materials for backfilling the bottom: sand; gravel;
	Thick polyethylene film.
	Penetrating primer with waterproofing components.
	Bituminous mastic for external waterproofing.
	Moisture-resistant cement-based leveling compound.
	Liquid rubber for pool waterproofing.
	Tiles for floors and sides.
	Glue for a tile with the increased moisture resistance.
	Grout for tiles(it is better to take specialized - for pools).

I emphasize that this set of materials is suitable for performing work according to the simplest scheme. If finances allow, then it is better to purchase a special waterproofing complex, which includes all components from one manufacturer. As a rule, such complexes include penetrating compounds, mastics, and special sealing tapes to protect wall joints from leakage.

Stage 1. Preliminary work

Instructions for the effective implementation of waterproofing the pool assumes that the bowl will initially be endowed with the necessary margin of moisture resistance. This is ensured by compliance with the construction technology:

Illustration	Stage of work
	Filling the bottom of the pit. The first contour of the moisture-proof base is sand and gravel bedding. After leveling the bottom of the pit, we fill it with a sand-gravel mixture with a layer of about 20 cm. We thoroughly moisten the mixture and ram it. Then we lay reinforcing bars and beacons on the base, which we will use as guidelines when pouring the floor.
	External waterproofing of the formwork. We make formwork for the walls of the pool bowl from thick plywood or boards. Outside, we wrap the structure with a thick polyethylene film, which will prevent the concrete from leaking during pouring and facilitate further external processing.
	Pool bottom concrete. We concrete the bottom using a high-quality mortar (not lower than B15 / M350 in terms of strength and not lower than W4 in terms of water resistance). The optimal layer thickness at the bottom is from 30 cm or more. We also pay attention to the frost resistance of the solution: for indoor structures, we choose concrete not lower than F150 (150 freezing cycles / freezing), for open structures - not lower than F200.
	Filling formwork with concrete. After the initial polymerization of concrete at the bottom, we perform the pouring of the formwork. In order for the walls to have sufficient moisture resistance, their thickness must be at least 20 cm. We prepare a solution for pouring on the basis of cement not lower than M400 with the addition of sifted sand 1.5–2 mm and hard rock gravel with a fraction of up to 10–20 mm. The solution must be compacted either with a deep vibrator or with a bayonet.
	Drying of the concrete pool. The formwork is dismantled 10–14 days after pouring. After dismantling, we perform a rough leveling of surfaces, overwriting all defects. Then we continue drying, trying to prevent the concrete from drying out. If the average daily temperature exceeds 20 °C, the surface requires additional moisture. If dust appears on concrete, it is advisable to moisten it and cover it with polyethylene, otherwise there is a risk of cracking. For a full set of strength, a concrete solution without additives takes about 28 days.
	Aligning the walls to the grid. We level the internal surfaces of the pool with a moisture-resistant cement composition. To ensure maximum adhesion, we use an alkali-resistant fiberglass mesh. Before leveling, the walls of the pool can be additionally protected from moisture using a penetrating compound.
	Sealing the joints of the walls and floor. The junction of the walls to the floor most often suffers from leaks. To prevent leakage, we glue the corner with a strip of plaster mesh and carefully seal it with mortar. If possible, we use a special sealing tape, which we stick on the concrete under a layer of leveling mortar.

Stage 2. External waterproofing

External waterproofing of the pool is carried out mainly when the walls (or part of them) are below the ground level. We have to solve such problems:

protection of concrete from moisture;
protection of the reservoir from infiltration;
providing drainage around the perimeter;
bowl insulation.

Exterior finishing technology is simple, but time-consuming:

Illustration	Material
	penetrating processing. We clean the concrete walls of the pool from the remains of the formwork and temporary thermal insulation. The detected pores, voids and cracks are sealed with cement mortar and carefully overwritten. We apply two layers of penetrating waterproofing material to the outer surface of the walls.
	Coating waterproofing. With a brush or roller, we apply bituminous mastic to all underground parts of the walls. Processing is carried out in two layers, while the thickness of each layer should be about 1.5 mm. Dry the mastic thoroughly, and then inspect the surface. If gaps are found, we restore the integrity of the coating.
	Warming and drainage. On top of the waterproofed walls, we install panels made of heat-insulating polymer material (polystyrene). They will not only slow down the cooling of the water in the tank, but also act as an additional barrier to moisture. Pour at least 30 cm of coarse gravel into the trench along the perimeter for drainage. Also here you can put drainage pipes and other communications.

Stage 3. Interior decoration

The interior design of the tank is the most important stage of work. Accordingly, it must be carried out according to all the rules.

As an example, I use the option with complex waterproofing(walls - liquid rubber, floor - tiles with grout):

Illustration	Material
	Floor cladding. Using a moisture-resistant tile adhesive, we tile the floor with tiles. For the convenience of further work, we seal the tile with a protective film, leaving the tile joints free.
	Processing with penetrating compounds. We impregnate the walls with penetrating waterproofing. The composition is applied in two layers (minimum), with a pause between approaches for the polymerization of the components.
	Waterproofing tiles. We carefully rub the seams between the tiles using special compounds with high moisture resistance. Can be used with both cement and epoxy grouts.
	Application of liquid rubber. After the grout dries enough to walk on the tile, we proceed to apply the main waterproofing. The paint composition based on liquid rubber is thoroughly mixed and applied to the walls in at least three layers. Use a roller or brush to apply. Dry each layer thoroughly to form a waterproof film.
	Additional waterproofing of corners. After finishing painting the walls, we additionally process the joints of the surfaces. To do this, you can use a thicker composition - so moisture protection will be even more effective.

The pool is also a decoration personal plot or at home, and a place for sports, recreation and entertainment. Let's make a reservation - a good pool filled with invigorating, sparkling in the light of sunlight or LED lamps moisture. And not the one that stands without water, representing an unattractive depression in the ground or in the floor. The durability of the pool is primarily determined by its waterproofing.

Therefore, if you are building a pool from scratch or decide to restore an old one, you are interested in do-it-yourself waterproofing, then you need to know what and what to choose from, and what surfaces generally need to be waterproofed.

Pool waterproofing: materials

There are a lot of materials, and which one is suitable for your pool depends on the area in which you live and the climate, type of pool you have.

The main types of waterproofing:

PVC film;

penetrating waterproofing;
coating waterproofing;
liquid glass;

liquid rubber;

bitumen-based materials (in comparison with the latest developments, they lose significantly, and therefore are almost never used, although they were previously widely used);
gluing insulation made of bitumen-polymer compositions, applied hot.

Pool waterproofing methods

Allocate external and internal waterproofing.

External waterproofing of the pool is used to protect the pool bowl from groundwater. At the construction stage, plasticizers are added to the concrete, which increase its strength and water resistance.

The second option - the concrete is covered with penetrating compounds. For external waterproofing of pools with their own hands, Izofast and Tenabit-M, Penetron and Infiltron mastics are used. These are those mixtures, which include sand, chemical additives (plasticizers) and cement. The result - the mixture penetrates deeply into the concrete base of the future pool, filling the smallest cracks and micropores, strengthening its physical and chemical properties.

External waterproofing of the pool: technology

If there is a need to repair the pool, then the external waterproofing of the pool is a very important stage.

1. Along the perimeter of the pool bowl, they dig out the walls.

2. They are cleaned of contaminants and inspected.

3. In places where the concrete began to collapse, peel off, cleaning is also carried out.

4. Seams and cracks are expanded, cleaned, in order to be subsequently treated with a material for waterproofing the seams.

5. The outer walls of the pool are first covered with penetrating, then coated and elastic insulation (if you use cement-based waterproofing) and coated and insulating if you use bitumen-polymer mastic, which is also called liquid rubber.

Internal waterproofing of the pool: technology

1. The concrete base is cleaned of dust and debris.

2. Seams and cracks are expanded and treated with materials to seal the seams. The joints are glued with sealing tapes.

3. The surface is leveled. To do this, the surface is plastered: the walls are treated with waterproof compounds for pools, and the bottom is treated with a self-leveling cement mixture.

4. The surface is primed with a primer using a roller or brush. After 3-4 hours, you can start applying subsequent layers.

5. The dry mixture is diluted with water to the consistency of thin sour cream (the ratio of liquid and dry material must be strictly observed, taking into account the instructions for the specific material indicated on the packaging).

6. A solution is applied to the previously prepared base with a brush or sprayer.

7. Especially carefully you need to process:

seams between the bottom and walls of the pool;
seams resulting from concreting;
places where communications are introduced;
cracks in the concrete base;
formwork fixing holes.

It is important to note here that in order to treat the pool with waterproofing compounds, it is necessary to use them in a complex: first, a penetrating solution, and then a coating solution. After applying the penetrating composition, the surface is treated with a solution of hydrochloric acid (4-5%). Then everything is washed off with water, and after another 30 minutes, treatment is carried out with a 4-5% solution of soda ash. Only after that is applied the coating mastic. Two-component elastic waterproofing is applied with a thickness of 2.5-4 mm.

If you use Hyperdesmo liquid waterproofing, you will need to apply 3 layers. After 6 hours, but no later than a day later (when the layer polymerizes, but will be slightly sticky), a reinforcing mesh is laid, and a second layer is poured over it. After that, fine-grained sand is poured onto the polymer layer that has not yet completely solidified to improve adhesion - adhesion to the next layer. If the coating is being prepared for tiles, then the surfaces are allowed to dry completely, the sand is brushed off and the tiles are laid.

If a tile is not provided, then a third layer of polymer is applied on top of the second one, to which pigments are added to obtain the desired color. Sometimes mastics of different colors are mixed to obtain the desired pattern. Since the third layer still needs to be strengthened, the A-3000 accelerator is added to the finishing coating solution at the rate of 1 liter of accelerator per 25 kg of mastic. Everything is thoroughly mixed with a mixer to prevent the appearance of a bubble. The mass must be homogeneous. Then it is evenly distributed with the help of a doctor blade and “spiked” - it is carried out over the mixture with a roller with spikes. Everything resembles the technology of applying self-leveling floors.

8. After treating the pool surfaces with waterproofing, they should not be walked on, and the temperature should not be lower than 0 ° C for 3 days.

9. In order to avoid peeling and cracking of the material, in some cases (when using Penetron and other means), the surface must be moistened for 3 days, and in the inner part of the pool (the one that will be under water pressure) almost up to 14 days. This is done by spraying water and covering the treated concrete surface with plastic wrap.

10. After all work is completed, the pool bowl is checked for leakage. For this, water is collected in it for 10 days. If no leaks are found, the water is drained, and the bottom is cleaned of possible debris and allowed to dry.

11. After drying, they start decorating the pool bowl with mosaics or tiles (if necessary).

Waterproofing mastics

Depending on the purpose, the following types of waterproofing materials are used.

Particular attention will need to be paid to seams, cracks and gaps. If the cracks are more than 0.4 mm, use the M600 injection clamp. Dry cracks or wet ones, PeneSplitSeal and PenePurFoam injection resins, Penekrit solution or Rubberflex one-component polyurethane sealant will help to get rid of them effectively.

Before waterproofing the pool, it is primed. To prime the base for applying a waterproofing material, use Gruntofol, AquaDyur or the like.

For external waterproofing of pools, do-it-yourself mastics Izofast and Tenabit-M are used, for internal - Hyperdesmo or Penetron, Cemizol 2EP and 2EN, Idrosilex Pronto, Polybit Polyflex and Ceresit.

This polymer-cement mastic creates an elastic, water-impervious layer on the concrete surface of the pool bowl, which additionally makes the concrete resistant to mechanical stress.

Pool waterproofing with liquid rubber

Liquid rubber is a bitumen-polymer mastic that is sprayed onto the surface, adheres well to it and provides good waterproofing properties.

It is also called a membrane coating. Such a material can combine the advantages of PVC membranes and liquid waterproofing. In this case, a continuous, well-adhered coating without seams will be obtained. It will be as pleasant to the touch as a PVC membrane, and as dense and durable as polymer-cement mastics. Liquid rubber can serve as a basis for further laying of mosaics or tiles, and maybe a topcoat. Colored materials are already being produced, which allows the use of liquid rubber without decoration.

Of the modern brands, Trowel Grade, TopCoat AnyColor, Roller Grade are common. These are bitumen-polymer emulsions, mastics, which are used for waterproofing both seams at the base of the pool and the entire pool.

Before applying liquid rubber, the surface is carefully leveled and treated with a degreasing compound. See point 7 of the Insulation of the pool section.

Then the bitumen-polymer coating is applied with a roller or brush - this is what those who will do the waterproofing of the concrete pool with their own hands do. When carrying out such work, professional builders use a compressor.

Pool waterproofing with liquid glass

In order for concrete to be more durable, as an option, liquid glass is added to it. This is the name of a solution of sodium and potassium silicates. This helps to strengthen the material, makes it resistant to mechanical damage and reduces moisture absorption. This procedure is carried out at the construction stage. But liquid glass is also used without cement: the surface is impregnated with it, which serves as protection against moisture, temperature, ultraviolet radiation and corrosion for a period of at least 5 years.

PVC membranes

Of the film waterproofing materials, the most progressive and reliable is PVC membranes. Such material combines waterproofing and decorative functions. It is a soft, durable, elastic film in a wide variety of colors. Every year new types of it appear - under the mosaic, under the marble, etc.

Such a film is resistant to mechanical damage, it tolerates well if the base under it is not perfectly even, the welds are strong. A geotextile sheet is usually laid under it, which hides all the irregularities that could adversely affect the waterproofing of the pool. Such material can be operated at temperatures from -50 to +80 degrees. The price of PVC membrane brand ALKORPLAN - 12-27 dollars per linear meter. It is used in combination with geotextiles, the price of which is $ 1 per meter.

No matter how strong the membrane is, this material can still be damaged under a combination of circumstances. You can make a hole in it on purpose or by accident. Therefore, mastics, liquid glass or liquid rubber are more often used for capital pools.

Gluing waterproofing

For this type of insulation, materials based on polymerized bitumen are used, which are applied hot. These are stekloizol, rubiteks and stekloelast. The material is durable, frost-resistant, not afraid of sunlight and has good extensibility, and hence increased strength.

When installing pool waterproofing, you need to evaluate your strengths. The chosen method of waterproofing can be quite laborious. Therefore, carefully study the technology of applying one or another waterproofing and choose the one that you can handle without involving specialists.

The construction of such a complex hydraulic structure as swimming pool, is a difficult structural and technological task, the solution of which requires the work of a number of specialists. Conventionally, they can be divided into two categories - designers and performers. Moreover, one of the main tasks that designers and designers face, in addition to construction, is the competent waterproofing of pools. The quality of the waterproofing system affects the durability of the entire structure, its performance, the frequency of repairs and the overall suitability of the tank and the room for its intended use.

The successful construction of the pool requires qualified work of all construction participants, both at the design stage and at the project implementation stage. Why are seemingly banal things listed here? Because, according to all the leading experts in this field, it is poor-quality design, and even more often - unprofessional performance of work, failure to comply with the requirements of the technology of waterproofing measures that leads to constant complaints from the owners of the pools about their fragility and constant repair costs.

Pool waterproofing is a system of measures, the joint work of the elements of which leads to the normal and comfortable operation of any tank, open or indoors. Next, we will consider the main elements of the waterproofing system and the principles for their correct implementation.

Good waterproofing- recipe for success

Two types of waterproofing: external and internal

The function of pool insulation is to create a water-tight barrier that will effectively prevent moisture from penetrating into the inner layers of the material that makes up the pool bowl and supporting structures. Outdoor swimming facilities require waterproofing of pools from the inside and external insulation.

Properly executed waterproofing of the pool will save you from problems with leaks and unnecessary expenses for repairs.

External waterproofing

External waterproofing is aimed at preventing the impact of groundwater on the surface in contact with the soil. Here, the requirements for foundations are relevant, with the caveat that pools are more susceptible to shrinkage and changes in geometry caused by thermal expansion and dynamic loads that a large volume of water creates.

For the implementation of external insulation, the following materials are used:

rolled insulating coatings;
coating waterproofing;
mixtures of penetrating action;
injection waterproofing;
films and membranes;
hydrostekloizol;
clay castles.

The main factor influencing the intensity of the impact of external moisture on the structural elements of the pool is the level of groundwater. If groundwater rises above the depth of the bottom plate of the reservoir, then measures are taken to divert it and a drainage system is constructed.

It would also be advisable to use a clay castle in combination with the main waterproofing. Waterproofing materials are often combined: walls treated with bituminous mastic are insulated and covered with a waterproof membrane, the rolls of which are welded with a building dryer.

For the construction of a clay castle, the pit is covered with clay

The choice of a specific material for external waterproofing is a matter of budget and designer preferences, there is no single answer here. Modern injection and penetrating compounds are very effective compared to traditional bitumen and roofing felt, however, the cost of these materials, as well as the work of applying them, may seem too high for the tasks that cheaper insulation methods can handle.

Regardless of the type of hydraulic structure and its location, the main task is the waterproofing of the pool bowl. If a high-quality water-repellent barrier is not made, then moisture will penetrate into the concrete through the micropores, which will cause corrosion and destruction of the internal metal frame of the reinforcement, as a result of which the strength of the bowl, which is a rigid monolithic, will significantly drop. reinforced concrete structure. And under conditions of rather tangible pressure, which is exerted by several tens or hundreds of tons of water, and water is not always static, such a violation of integrity can lead to serious destruction of the entire structure.

In addition, the penetration of water into the pores of concrete is dangerous because, when freezing, the water expands and breaks the cement stone, causing cracks. Also, under conditions of high humidity, mold fungi can develop on the surface and inside the structures, which are dangerous to human health and, according to some reports, the integrity of the material.

It should be borne in mind that a lot of pressure acts on the walls and bottom of the tank, and constantly, in addition, the water temperature is increased. Another important factor is the presence of disinfectants in the water, which turn a liquid that is harmless to humans into an environment that is aggressive for many materials.

When all these factors are taken into account, a reasonable question arises: “How to make pool waterproofing effective?” Fortunately, building technology are constantly evolving, and there are several answers to this question. To begin with, consider the technologies and materials that are used to solve this problem.

Subtleties of the choice of waterproofing material

As already mentioned, scientific and technological progress has also affected waterproofing technologies, so there are several materials for processing the pool bowl. Here are the most popular ones:

penetrating waterproofing;
polymer cement compositions;
polymeric and mineral materials;
insulating membranes.
sealing cords;
sealing tapes.

Internal waterproofing of the pool bowl isolates the concrete from the effects of water

penetrating compounds

Penetrating waterproofing is a mixture of the "Penetron" type and the like. The principle of operation is the penetration of a special substance into the pores and capillaries of the concrete structure, followed by crystallization and clogging of all microscopic channels and microcracks through which moisture enters the thickness of the concrete structure.

The advantage of this technology is its durability and ease of execution, so do-it-yourself waterproofing of pools with the help of a penetrating composition is quite possible and feasible. The service life of such insulation is equal to the service life of the concrete structure.

"Penetron" - the most famous brand of penetrating waterproofing

This material also has disadvantages: the impossibility of isolating the joints of concrete and metal or plastic parts of the equipment, the difficulty in sealing cracks in the plaster, which is used to level the surface under the tile, the inability to close cracks in the structure.

By the way, it produces materials that solve all of the above problems more or less successfully, for example, Penekrit for seams.

Polymer-cement compositions

Polymer-cement compounds belong to coating waterproofing and are probably the most popular way to process a bowl. They are one- and two-component and consist of cement, sand and various polymeric additives and plasticizers. They are usually applied in two layers and form a waterproof coating, which, when cured, does not cause internal stresses and cracks.

The advantage is the ease and speed of work, which is very important in the conditions of tight deadlines for construction and a limited budget. Well, again, do-it-yourself pool waterproofing using polymer-cement compounds is a simple matter even for an amateur.

The disadvantage of this material is its low elasticity, which is a huge disadvantage for the pool. The fact is that the bowl undergoes quite significant changes in geometry under the influence of the mass and pressure of water, especially when filling and emptying. Also, do not forget about thermal expansion and contraction.

Treatment of the pool with waterproofing polymer-cement compositions

Polymers

Polymeric materials are mainly represented by polyurethane mastics and two-component compositions based on polyesteramines and diamines. They form an elastic seamless film, vapor-permeable and quite durable. They have good adhesion to building materials, in particular, to concrete.

The advantage is high elasticity and ease of application. Also, as an advantage, the good decorative properties of these coatings are called.

Polyurethane looks good

membranes

Insulating membranes are a special fluid and a reinforcing fabric. First, the liquid is applied to the corners and junction lines of the bottom-wall and wall-wall, which are glued with strips of reinforcing fabric, on top of which a layer of liquid is applied. Then the walls and floor of the pool are covered with liquid using a roller. Then rolls of reinforcing fabric are laid on this liquid, which is also covered with liquid from above. When it all dries, the entire bowl is re-coated with a final layer of liquid.

Waterproofing based on high-molecular binders, which, after being applied to the surface, polymerize and form a continuous membrane that reliably protects the pool structure

The advantage of the membrane is its elasticity and strength. Manufacturers guarantee that the membrane is able to withstand a crack up to 3 millimeters wide, and this is a lot. Also, this material calmly covers cold seams and plastic inserts.

The downside is the relatively high cost and complexity of application compared to coating materials.

This material is used mainly for homemade inexpensive pools. PVC film withstands any deformation of the bowl, however, the joints of its layers are visible and the color palette is limited to shades of blue and light blue.

Plus - low price and exceptional laying speed. Minus - the formation of condensate under the film and the need for drainage communications, as well as the low aesthetic value of the material, loss of color over time.

PVC film is welded with a building dryer

Auxiliary materials

Sealing cords are used to seal joints and cracks, as well as places where different materials adjoin each other, seams, etc.

Sealing tapes are placed at the wall-to-wall and wall-to-bottom joints.

For sealing various technological and communication inputs, the material "Penebar" is used - a tourniquet of rectangular section, consisting of a polymeric substance that swells upon contact with water and tightly closes the gap. It is also used for sealing structural and working seams.

Treatment of seams with penetrating waterproofing "Penetron"

Tiling: insulating the under-tile space

Also, waterproofing needs to finish the pool with tiles or mosaics. More precisely, not the finish itself, but the sub-tile space, the moistening of which will lead to lagging behind and falling off the tiles from the walls of the tank. In order to avoid this, special insulating grouts are used for joints. Basically, these are epoxy or polymer compounds, which are pressed into the inter-tile space with a rubber spatula with movements diagonal to the direction of the seam, after which the tile is wiped so that the epoxy film does not have time to harden, which is extremely difficult to wash off after hardening.

Laying tiles or mosaics on waterproofing

Pool waterproofing - a technology in a complex and its implementation - must be thought out in advance so that all its elements form a well-coordinated system of measures aimed at complementary combating the penetration of internal and external moisture into the structure of the swimming tank bowl and the support system. To do this, the problem of sealing should be solved by the design engineer developing this hydraulic structure, and the implementation of this solution should be carried out by experienced builders who are familiar with modern technologies and have experience with materials that will be used to waterproof the structure.