Modern production with complex and varied equipment and technology, a large number of workers involves the establishment and regulation of the necessary quantitative proportions between different types of labor. To do this, it is necessary to know the measure of labor costs in terms of quantity and quality, for each area of production and type of work. Such a measure of labor is the working time required to perform each individual work (operation) in the existing organizational and technical conditions.
The measure of labor as the absolute amount of total labor time required to produce a unit of a certain type of product or to perform this work at a particular enterprise acquires a specific form labor standards, reflecting the structure and magnitude of the socially necessary costs of working time, taking into account the technical and organizational conditions of production at the enterprise, in the workshop, at the site and workplace. Labor standards are established using rationing methods. Therefore, labor rationing is the process of establishing the value of labor costs in the form of labor standards forperformance certain work in the most rational organizational and technical conditions for a given production. Labor rationing acts as a means of forming socially necessary labor costs for the production of certain types of products.
Labor standards should correspond to the most effective options for the technological process, labor organization, production and management for the conditions of a particular workplace, i.e. optimal operating modes of equipment, rational content of technological and labor processes, advanced methods and techniques of labor, the most appropriate systems and procedures for servicing and providing jobs. In addition, labor standards should determine the conditions in which the work of the employee will be less tiring, more productive and meaningful.
Thus, the labor norm determines the amount and structure of the expenditure of working time required to perform a particular job, and is the standard against which the actual expenditure of time is compared in order to establish their rationality. Expressing the measure of labor at each workplace, labor standards, on the one hand, are a means of making a profit, and on the other hand, they should contribute to the solution of social problems, providing workers with a normal intensity of labor and its content.
Any labor norm should be determined taking into account scientific data and best practices. The justification of the norm assumes that when developing each of its types, it is necessary to analyze and take into account all factors that depend on the production and performers of work and affect the amount of labor costs, as well as consider in unity and at the same time optimize the technological and labor processes, the standard values of labor costs.
There are the following types of substantiation of labor standards: technical, economic, psychophysiological and social.
Technical rationale labor standards provide for the most complete and efficient use of equipment, equipment, tools, the most appropriate technological methods for performing work, which is associated with the importance of correctly establishing the operating modes of equipment and determining the duration of technological impact on the object of labor.
Economic justification labor standards require the choice of the optimal variant of the organization of the production process, which ensures the optimization of the loading of equipment and workers during the shift, the time spent on manufacturing products or performing an operation (work) in order to increase labor productivity, product quality and production efficiency. Economically justified norms are an objective prerequisite for the effective use of labor and material resources available to the enterprise. This is especially true in market conditions, when enterprises are interested in reducing production costs.
Psychophysiological substantiation labor standards means that during their development it is necessary to ensure a normal level of labor intensity, a rational mode of work and rest, to exclude the influence of the harmful effects of the environment on the body of workers in the interests of maintaining their health and high performance. Psychophysiological factors include the intensity and intensity of labor, the severity of work, the degree of fatigue, etc. Taking these factors into account makes it possible to create conditions under which labor activity, being the most productive, will maintain a high working capacity of a person for a long time and ensure its rapid recovery.
Social rationale labor standards provide for the need to take into account their impact on the growth of qualifications, cultural, technical and educational levels of workers, strengthening labor discipline, reducing staff turnover, meaningfulness and attractiveness of work, and developing the creative initiative of workers. The social substantiation of norms makes it possible to ensure a high level of meaningfulness of work, reduce its monotony and expand opportunities for independent creativity in the process of doing work. An employee who realizes his labor abilities has an increased interest in a more productive use of working time, which leads to an increase in the requirements for providing him with normal working conditions and its optimal intensity, which can only be established on the basis of introducing technically sound standards.
Based on the determining factors, various options for labor standards are possible. The justification of the norms means the choice of the best variant of the norm itself and the characteristics of the production and labor processes that determine it.
As an element of the effective construction of production processes and their management, labor standards perform a number of important functions (Fig. 7.1).
First of all, rationing, taking into account the necessary costs for a particular operation (work) in certain organizational and technical conditions, establishes measure of labor in the form of norms that allow determining the degree of participation of each employee in the creation of the final product. Thus, labor standards are a specific and direct characteristic of individual or collective labor productivity.
Another important function is rationing as the basis of intra-production planning. With the help of the norms, calculations are made of the production programs of workshops, sections, planned targets for individual jobs, the amount of equipment and the planned use of the production capacity of sections, workshops and the enterprise as a whole are determined. Based on the norms, the planned labor intensity of manufacturing parts and the product as a whole is determined, and on this basis the required number of employees is calculated, the wage fund, the cost of production, calendar and planning standards (lot sizes, duration of production cycles, volumes of work in progress) are calculated.
Labor standards are the basis of the rational organization of labor and production. In the process of calculating the norms, the optimal variant of the sequence of the operation (work), the layout of the workplace, and the system of its maintenance are found. Thus, the organization of work is optimized. When designing labor processes, based on the time spent on performing individual operations, the required amount of equipment and workers is calculated, their workload is optimized in time, and the duration of the production cycle is determined.
One of the criteria for the rationality of labor processes is their labor intensity, which is determined on the basis of established time standards. Performing a function criteria for the efficiency of labor processes, scientifically based norms of labor costs are a standard that allows you to determine and quantify the available reserves for increasing labor productivity in the workplace. In this capacity, they take into account the most advanced technology, equipping the workplace with high-performance equipment, fixtures and tools. When calculating such a norm, the most rational methods and techniques of the worker's labor, a high level of maintenance of workplaces, normal intensity and working conditions are taken into account.
Labor standards define measure of remuneration for work. Labor rationing acts as a measure of the ratio of costs and results of labor, since, being one of the elements of the organization of wages, it determines how much labor costs and what results should correspond to the established wage rate in specific organizational and technical conditions.
With a time-based wage system, the amount of wages is determined in accordance with the tariff rate (salary) and hours worked. However, a prerequisite for the rational organization of such a payment system is the existence of norms that determine the necessary result of the work of an employee (team), i.e. the employee is not paid for the time spent at the enterprise, but for the work performed by him in the required quantity and quality. The dependence between the norm of labor and the earnings of a worker with piecework wages is even greater. The rate at which payment is made for the work performed is determined by multiplying the tariff rate of the category of work by the norm of time. Labor regulation performs the function rationalization of production and labor processes . The methods of studying the costs of working time used in standardization make it possible to identify existing shortcomings in the organization of production and develop measures that eliminate them. By observing the performance of an operation (work) at a particular workplace, the shortcomings of the methods and methods of labor used are revealed, they are improved (based on the design of a rational structure of the operation, the order in which techniques, actions and movements are performed), as well as implementation (by teaching the worker to perform them and creating appropriate conditions in the workplace).
Science-based labor standards provide normal work intensity allowing for a long time to maintain high efficiency of workers, productivity and intensity of labor during the work shift, as well as the reproduction of the labor force.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
INTRODUCTION
1. ESSENCE AND ORGANIZATION OF LABOR REGULATION
1.1 FUNCTIONS OF REGULATION OF LABOR AND TYPES OF LABOR STANDARDS
1.2 METHODS FOR STUDYING THE COST OF WORKING TIME
2. CALCULATION OF THE BALANCE OF WORKING TIME
2.1 CONCEPT OF WORKING TIME
2.2 TIME RECORDING
3. FEATURES OF REGULATION OF WORKING TIME IN THE SPHERE OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT
3.1 GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT JSC RUSSIAN RAILWAYS
3.2 FEATURES OF REGULATION OF WORKING TIME AT GUSEV STATION
CONCLUSION
LIST OF USED SOURCES
APPENDIX
Introduction
The process of rethinking the basic economic concepts as a necessary prerequisite for economic reform cannot but affect a complex of problems of labor rationing. In relation to these problems, two rather definite positions emerged. On the one hand, the notion that norms, tariffs, salaries, bonuses, etc. are the attributes of an obsolete bureaucratic system that must disappear along with it, is becoming very common. On the other hand, a significant part of specialists are convinced that without labor rationing and elements of the tariff system, effective management social production and the distribution of material wealth is impossible.
Since labor costs have become a significant part of total costs, many firms have realized how important it is to ensure the most efficient use of labor resources. At the same time, the firm's ability to meet this challenge depends on how accurately the labor costs can be calculated and controlled.
The relationship between the quality of norms and the efficiency of production explains quite well the interest of the owners of capitalist enterprises in maintaining the high quality of norms and the lack of such interest on the part of the administration of domestic enterprises.
Today, most of the elements of the “national system of labor rationing” have already gone: reporting on the “coverage” of rationing, the obligation to apply intersectoral time standards, etc. However, the role of norms as the basis for organizing production and increasing the efficiency of the use of human labor will increase with the expansion of market relations.
In the conditions of market relations, a natural attitude towards rationing as a tool for increasing efficiency, an element of planned calculations and organizing wages will be restored. Enterprises will use only those standards and methods that they really need in specific production conditions. In general, all this means that the restructuring in rationing, as in other areas, will be expressed, first of all, in a return to common sense.
The purpose of this work is to consider the process of labor rationing on the Kaliningrad railway (at Gusev station).
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1) Determine the essence and organization of labor rationing (functions of labor rationing and types of norms, methods for studying the cost of working time).
2) Consider the process of calculating the balance of working hours.
3) Collect primary documentation to analyze the process of organizing labor rationing on the Kaliningrad railway (at Gusev station)
4) Analyze the process of organizing labor rationing on the Kaliningrad railway (at Gusev station)
The volume of this work is 36 sheets. At the end is Appendix 1.
1. The essence and organization of labor rationing
1.1 Functions of labor rationingand types of labor standards
Labor rationing is understood as the establishment of a measure of labor costs in the form of labor standards for the manufacture of certain operations (product units) or the performance of a certain amount of work in the most rational organizational and technical conditions.
Labor regulation is a multifaceted activity. It includes:
The study of advanced labor methods.
Analysis of the production process, dividing it into elements.
Designing the composition, regulations and sequence of the technological and labor process.
Scientific substantiation of possible variants of normalized work.
Determination of the value of labor standards, calculation of standards and their implementation.
The choice of the optimal variant of technology, techniques and methods of work, systems for servicing workplaces, modes of work and rest.
The main functions of labor rationing are:
Establishing measures of labor for individual workers and production teams as a whole;
Determining the amount of remuneration (payment) in accordance with the amount of labor expended;
Optimization of options for technological processes, organization of production and labor, providing the lowest labor costs;
Substantiation of indicators in the development of current and prospective production plans (production program, capacity, number of workers, wage fund, cost, labor productivity, etc.);
Identification of intra-production reserves for the growth of labor productivity;
Evaluation of the economic efficiency of new technology, design, technological and organizational solutions for the rationalization of production.
During the Soviet period, the labor rationing system was organized on a scientific basis. For the whole country, there was a single system of rationing and tariffing of labor, which, unfortunately, was destroyed in the post-Soviet period. Moreover, in the conditions of the transition to the market, views appeared that there was no need for labor rationing, although both rationing and tariffing of labor should be carried out in the interests of workers professionally, in specialized centers. They develop, according to certain criteria, uniform methods recommended for enterprises of any form of ownership.
In this regard, it is necessary to approve the provisions of Article 157 of Chapter 21 of the Labor Code adopted by the State Duma in the first reading on July 5, 2001, which guarantees state assistance to employees in the systemic organization of labor rationing, as well as the application of labor rationing systems determined by the employer with the participation of the opinion of the elected trade union body or established by the collective agreement.
Labor norms are subdivided into time norms, production norms, service norms, manageability norms, norms of the number of employees.
The norm of time is the amount of working time spent for the performance of work and their individual elements by one employee or a group of employees of a certain classification under given organizational and technical conditions.
Time limits are set in man-minutes, man-hours or man-days. They include norms of preparatory and final time, norms of main and auxiliary time, norms of time for organizational and technical maintenance of equipment and other production facilities, breaks due to technology and organization of production, for rest and personal needs.
The summation of the time norms for individual operations gives a complex time norm characterizing the total time spent on performing a useful amount of work within the stipulated time.
When rationing manual and machine-manual work, the norms are based on time standards, i.e. its regulated costs for the performance of individual production operations, established for normal conditions, taking into account the use of advanced techniques and labor methods, modern equipment, and the work of performers of appropriate qualifications.
Most of the time standards are set for workers whose activities are determined by the peculiarities of the operation of the equipment and the nature of the organization of technological processes (mass, in-line, large-scale, single). They can also apply to employees whose work does not contain creative functions, the performance of which is amenable to rationing.
The output rate is the amount of work in physical units (pieces, meters, etc.) that must be performed per unit of working time (shift, month, etc.) by one employee or a group of workers of a certain qualification. It is developed in relation to products subject to quantitative accounting and control with the systematic implementation of the relevant work. The ratio of the actual time of fulfillment of production norms to the planned one characterizes the degree of labor intensity.
There is an inverse relationship between the norm of time (N vr) and the norm of output (N v)
N in \u003d 1 / N vr (1)
But the percentage increase in the rate of output is not equal to the percentage decrease in the rate of time.
The service rate is the established amount of work to service a certain number of objects for a certain time in given organizational and technical conditions; including multi-station work.
The norm of the number of employees - the number of employees of the appropriate professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform certain production and management functions or scope of work. With the help of such norms, the number of workers required to maintain equipment, jobs, labor costs by profession, specialty, and group of work are calculated.
A variety of headcount norms is the manageability norm, calculated for executives and representing the optimal number of employees from the point of view of effective management per one specific manager. For the highest levels of management, it is 3-5 people, for the middle 8-10, for the lower 12-15 people. Norms can be established for an indefinite period - until revision or temporarily. Controllability norms are determined by the formula:
1/N n m = 1/N 1 * 1/N 2 * ………. * 1/Н n , (2)
H m n is the norm of controllability of the m-th degree of control for the n-th leader.
1/Н m n is the norm of controllability per one specific leader.
H 1, 2 ... n - the norm of controllability of the first, second, ... n-th leader in terms of management levels.
Labor standards according to the degree of their justification are divided into scientifically based (technically justified), chronometric and experimental static.
Scientifically substantiated (technically substantiated) norms of time and production norms are established, as a rule, by the analytical method. The analytical method of labor rationing is characterized by:
The division of the normalized work (operation) into its constituent technological elements, complexes of labor methods, labor methods and individual labor movements and actions (labor elements);
Studying the production capabilities of equipment in workshops, its more productive use, analysis of the feasibility of the applied forms and methods of organizing labor and equipping the workplace;
Development of rational modes of operation, composition and sequence of work elements performed;
The use of standards for machine time, standards for the operation of equipment (when using standards, the method of establishing standards is called analytical and calculation).
Chronometric norms are substantiated by direct observation during the performance of normalized operations and works. In fact, the chronometric norm, as a rule, is an updated experimental-statistical or technically justified one. At the same time, the method of establishing norms is called analytical-research.
Experimental-statistical norms are established on the basis of the experience of the normer and statistical data on the performance of similar work for the period preceding the establishment of the norms. The method of establishing experimental-statistical norms is called the total method.
All varieties of labor standards used in production are modifications of time standards, since each of them ultimately regulates the working time required to perform a particular job.
Working time is understood as the time during which the work assigned to a person is performed or should be performed. The time spent on this work during the day is called a working day.
The totality of working time for a certain period is called the time fund (daily, weekly, monthly, annual fund). Based on the available time fund, production is planned.
Working time is the most important resource of society, since its losses are irreplaceable. Time cannot be stored up. It cannot be accelerated, condensed, or stopped. It goes on continuously. And when we talk about saving time, we mean reducing the cost of doing this or that work per unit of output. The essence of increasing labor productivity lies in the fact that less time is spent on a larger amount of output.
Working time is classified depending on its costs (Appendix 1).
Time costs are those that need to be increased in the total fund of working time (for example, the time of the main work) and those that need to be reduced as much as possible (for example, the time of losses).
In order to standardize labor, the costs of working time are studied and its losses are identified. Loss of working time refers to all-day downtime (absenteeism), intra-shift downtime and unproductive costs.
In accordance with the classification of working time costs, the science-based (technically justified) norm of time (H wr) includes five main elements:
1. Preparatory final time- T pz
2. Main (technological) time - T about
3. Auxiliary (technological) time - T in
4. Service time of the workplace - T about
5. Time of regulated breaks
for rest and personal needs - T ex
N vr \u003d T pz + T o + T in + T about + T exc (3)
The sum of the main and auxiliary time is the operational time (T op)
T op \u003d T o + T in (4)
The norm of time is subdivided into the norm of piece time (T pcs) and the norm of preparatory and final time
T pcs \u003d T op + T about + T exc (5)
When normalizing manual work, the time for servicing the workplace (T about) and the time for breaks for rest and personal needs (T ex) can be summed up and presented as a percentage of the operational time. If this value is denoted by - K, then the norm of piece time will take the form:
T pcs. manual \u003d T op + [ (T op * K) / 100 ] (6)
1.2 Methods for studying the cost of working time
For the purpose of efficient organization of production and labor rationing, the degree and directions of the use of working time are constantly analyzed. At the same time, such methods are selected that would provide minimal labor intensity and the necessary accuracy of the results. There are two such methods: the method of direct measurements (DSM) and the method of instantaneous observations (SIM).
The method of direct measurements is implemented through such types of it as photography of working time, timing and filming. Each observation consists of the following steps:
Preparing for observation;
Carrying out the actual observation;
Processing of surveillance data;
Analysis of results and design of more rational processes.
Working time photography (FW) is a type of observation during which all time spent during the entire work shift or part of it is studied. Photography of working time can be individual and group and is made in order to obtain initial data for improving the organization of labor by eliminating losses and reducing unproductive time, setting standards for preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace and time for rest and personal needs, improving the organization of production by coordinating the work of adjacent sections, establishing equipment maintenance standards, identifying the reasons for non-fulfillment of production (time) standards by individual workers.
Recording and processing of photographic data of working time is carried out on special forms.
Group photography of working time is a type of observation in which one observer studies the work of several workers, who can either be combined into a team (team photography) or not connected at all by the production process.
When taking photographs of working time, observation and recording of its results is carried out continuously and, as a rule, according to the current time, i.e. the observation sheet indicates the start and end times of the work items. The beginning of each element of work is considered the moment of completion of the execution of the previous element.
Processing of the results of observations begins with the calculation of the length of time for each element, then the grouping and summation of the same-name costs of working time is carried out.
Further processing of the photographic results consists in combining the individual elements of the work into groups corresponding to the established classification of time spent.
This stage of processing is called compilation of a summary of the costs of the same name. On the basis of a summary of the costs of the same name, the actual balance of working hours is compiled.
Based on the existing progressive standards, the results of previously taken photographs of the working time of advanced workers, by subtracting downtime, unproductive costs, a standard (projected) balance of working time is compiled. By comparing the actual and standard balance, working time reserves are identified.
According to the actual balance of working time, the rationality of using working time is analyzed.
The final stage of photography of working time is the design of more rational labor processes, the development of organizational and technical measures to eliminate the loss of working time and its unproductive costs.
Timing is a type of observation in which cyclically repeating elements of the operational, as well as individual elements of the preparatory and final work or work to maintain the workplace, are studied. Timing is done using a stopwatch.
The number of measurements during timing can be determined from Table 1.
The observer should start timing only after he is convinced that the work being studied is performed under the conditions characteristic of this workplace, and the worker's development period has ended.
Time monitoring is recommended to be carried out twice during the working day - the first time after 30-60 minutes. After the start of work and the second - for 1.5 - 2 hours. before the end of the working day. In this case, the number of measurements taken each time should be equal to half the number of measurements recommended in the table.
Table 1
|
The volume of observations during timing |
|||||
|
Type of production |
Number of measurements |
||||
|
The duration of the element, work, sec. |
machine work |
Machine-handmade |
Handmade |
||
|
Mass |
|||||
|
large-scale |
|||||
|
Small-scale |
The accuracy of time measurements during chronometric observations depends on the duration of the elements (techniques) of the operation under study or their complexes. With the duration of the elements of the operation up to 10 sec. the time spent should be recorded with an accuracy of 0.1 sec.; with the duration of the elements of the operation 10 sec. accuracy up to 0.5 sec is allowed. The study and determination of the duration of individual elements of the operation can be carried out in two ways: continuous and selective.
The continuous method of timing (according to the current time) is such a method of conducting observation, in which the study and measurements of the duration of all elements of the operation are carried out continuously - from the moment the beginning to the moment the end of each operation.
Timing according to the current time is used when studying operations, the elements of which have a duration of 10 seconds. and more. This method of conducting chronometric observations is also used in those cases when the operation under study consists of a large number of elements and only some of them have a duration of less than 10 seconds.
To clarify the value of the duration of the elements of the operation, in addition to timing according to the current time, selective timing is carried out, in which the duration of only individual elements of the operation is studied and measured.
When conducting timekeeping, in addition to studying the techniques, methods for performing elements of the operation and measuring their duration, the observer is obliged to note cases of deviation from the established parameters of equipment operation, organization of work, and also to note measurements during which there was an influence of random causes on the normal course of the labor process or through the fault observer, mistakes were made, the so-called defective measurements. Having determined the duration of the execution of individual elements for each operation, it is necessary to exclude defective measurements that are noted by the observer.
After excluding defective measurements from the duration of the operation elements, a time series is compiled, which must be constructed so that the duration of the operation elements is arranged in ascending order. Then the number of repetitions of measurements of the same duration is set. The data obtained are summarized in a table.
When evaluating the time series, the degree of its stability is of great importance, which is characterized by the stability coefficient, which is the ratio of the maximum (for a given element) value of the time series to the minimum.
K y \u003d t max / t min (7)
The obtained coefficient of stability of the time series must be compared with the standard coefficients given in Table 2:
table 2
|
Normative coefficients of stability of the time series |
|||||
|
Type of production and duration of the studied element of work (seconds) |
Regulatory coefficient |
||||
|
machine work |
Machine-handmade |
Equipment monitoring |
Handmade |
||
|
Bulk: |
|||||
|
Large-scale: |
|||||
|
Serial: |
|||||
|
Small-scale and single |
If the coefficient of stability of the time series is less than or equal to the standard value, then the series is considered stable, and the observation was carried out qualitatively. In cases where the actual coefficient exceeds the established standard value, it is allowed to exclude one of the extreme values (maximum or minimum) from the series, provided that it did not repeat during the observation more than once. Then the value of the stability coefficient is again determined and compared with the standard value. In the case when the resulting stability coefficient does not exceed the standard value, the series is considered stable. If, however, the coefficient of stability, even after the exclusion of one extreme value of the time series from the series, again exceeds the standard value, then such a series is recognized as unstable and the observation should be carried out again.
Further processing of the results of observation consists in determining the average duration of the execution of each element of the operation. It is set as the arithmetic mean of all valid measurements of the time series, i.e. all its values, except for defective measurements.
The analysis of the results of observations must begin with the analysis of machine time, which is carried out by comparing the operating mode of the equipment according to the passport, standards, technological instructions with data on the operating mode of the equipment obtained during observations. Based on this comparison, the possibility of reducing the time spent on the element of work is revealed and the projected duration of its execution is established.
The analysis of the time spent on the performance of manual work consists in identifying the possibility of eliminating individual elements of the operation, replacing a number of techniques with more rational ones both in terms of their execution time and in reducing worker fatigue, establishing the possibility of overlapping individual elements of manual work in time.
Based on the analysis, the rational content of the operation and the projected duration of the execution of its individual elements are established.
In cases where timing is carried out in order to develop norms and standards, not only the duration of the execution of individual elements, but the entire operation as a whole is established, and rational organizational and technical conditions of work, methods and techniques for its implementation are determined.
The final moment of analyzing the results of observations and designing a more rational execution of operations is to establish the possibility of reducing the time spent.
In the study of labor processes, in particular individual movements, one has to deal with fast movements and shorter periods of time, which are very difficult to capture by the method of timing with a stopwatch.
In this case, the use of filming is possible. The film strip allows you to view the produced film recording an unlimited number of times. When the film is shown in slow motion, labor movements are clearly revealed, which cannot be captured by direct observation. Filming is widely used in the development of time standards.
When studying the use of working time by the method of momentary observations
It is not time that is recorded, but the number of those elements of work or breaks that are to be studied.
The method of momentary observations is based on the provisions of mathematical statistics and is used to determine the proportion of repetitive elements of work or breaks.
Carrying out instant-sampling observation is simple and relatively low labor intensity, the possibility of studying a large group of workers by one observer, obtaining the necessary data in a short time.
With the help of moment-selective observation, several separate problems can be solved:
Determine the degree of use of working time and equipment loading;
To study the cost structure and establish the specific gravity and absolute values of individual elements of the cost of working time;
Obtain initial data for the development of standards for the preparatory and final time and the time of maintenance of the workplace, service standards and staffing standards.
The method of instantaneous observations (momentary sampling observation) is widely used in the textile industry and abroad.
In order for the results of momentary-sampling observation to correspond to the actual state of affairs, the following conditions must be observed on the basis of probability theory: the observation of certain moments (working time or breaks) must be random; production volume, i.e. the number of observations should be large enough to characterize the observed phenomena.
A sufficient amount of generation in the observation moments can be determined by the following formula:
M = [ 2(1-K) * 100 2 ] / [ K*R 2 ] (8)
where M is the number of moments-observations that need to be recorded (sample size);
K - the workload coefficient of the worker with the work being studied (the share of this work)
P is the allowable value of the relative error of the observation results in%.
The calculation of the sample size (M) for various values of K and P is given in the table below (Table 3):
Table 3
|
"P" error in % |
Load factor - K |
|||||||||
To conduct momentary observations, it is necessary to pre-set the objects of observation (workers, equipment), as well as the elements of work to be studied. In contrast to the usual photograph of working time, with the method of momentary observations, the number of simultaneously observed objects can be large - 20, 30, 40 or more.
Then you need to set the most convenient route for bypassing all objects (jobs), fixing points in which the observer will register the presence of the studied elements of work or downtime. The observer captures moments or idle times without recording the current time or duration of the moments.
Analyzing momentary-sampling observations, they identify reserves of working time, outline specific measures for their implementation and growth in labor productivity.
2. Calculation of the balance of working hours
2.1 The concept of working time
Working time is the time during which the employee must perform his labor duties in accordance with the work schedule or schedule or the terms of the employment contract or contract.
The normal working hours of employees at enterprises, institutions and organizations may not exceed 40 hours per week. Reduced working hours are provided for workers under 18 years of age, at work with harmful working conditions, as well as for certain categories of workers, taking into account the specifics of their work functions and the nature of work (teachers, doctors, etc.). For example, the reduced working hours for workers employed in jobs with harmful working conditions is no more than 36 hours per week.
The working week can be five days (with two days off) and six days (with one day off).
By agreement between the employee and the administration, a part-time work day or a part-time work week may be established. The duration of part-time work, its schedule, term and other conditions are determined in a collective agreement, labor agreement or contract.
The working time regime, which includes the duration of daily work or shift, the start and end time of work, the time of work breaks, the number of shifts per day, the alternation of working and non-working days, the procedure for the transition of workers from shift to shift, is established at the enterprise by internal regulations or other normative acts. The working day is the set duration of work during the day in hours. The start of work is considered the moment of arrival at the place of work at the hour established by the internal labor regulations, and the end is the moment of release from work.
With a five-day working week, the duration of daily work or shift is determined by the internal labor regulations or shift schedules in compliance with the established length of the working week. With a six-day working week, the duration of daily work cannot exceed 7 hours at a weekly rate of 40 hours, 6 hours at a weekly rate of 36 hours and 4 hours at a weekly rate of 24 hours.
For certain categories of workers, an irregular working day is introduced, when performers on certain days, in case of production necessity, must perform, at the suggestion of the administration or on their own initiative, work after hours, which is not recognized as overtime.
On the eve of public holidays, the duration of work of executors, except for employees with reduced working hours, is reduced by one hour for both a five-day and a six-day working week. On the eve of the weekend, the duration of work with a six-day working week cannot exceed 6 hours.
Night time payable is the time from 22:00 to 06:00. When working at night, the established duration of work or shift is reduced by one hour. This rule does not apply to workers employed in jobs with harmful working conditions, and to certain categories of workers for whom a reduction in working hours is already provided. The duration of night work is equalized with day work in cases where it is necessary for the conditions of production (in continuous production, in shift work with a six-day working week with one day off). Workers are required to work at night subject to restrictions.
Overtime is considered work in excess of the established working hours. Overtime work is generally not allowed, but in exceptional cases, the administration can apply them subject to restrictions: they should not exceed 4 hours for each employee on two consecutive days and 120 hours per year.
Employees are given a break for rest and meals lasting no more than 2 hours. Breaks are not included in working hours. The employee uses the break at his own discretion. During this time, he is given the right to leave the place of work. A break for rest and meals should be provided, as a rule, 4 hours after the start of work. The time of the beginning and end of the break is determined by the internal labor regulations. In those jobs where, according to the conditions of production, a break cannot be established, the employee must be given the opportunity to eat during working hours.
Daily rest is provided to the employee between the end of work and its beginning on the next day or shift, its duration cannot be less than 12 hours.
Weekly rest (days off) is provided to all employees, and its duration must be at least 42 hours. The general day off is Sunday. The second day off with a five-day working week, if it is not defined by law, is established by the work schedule of the enterprise. Both days off are provided, as a rule, in a row.
Weekend work is prohibited. Engaging employees to work on their days off is allowed only in exceptional cases, subject to restrictions.
On holidays, work is allowed, the suspension of which is impossible due to production and technical conditions (continuously operating enterprises), work caused by the need to serve the population, as well as urgent repair and loading and unloading work.
All employees are granted annual paid leave of at least 24 working days per six-day working week. Additional annual leave is granted to employees: employed in jobs with harmful working conditions; employed in certain sectors of the economy and having a long work experience at one enterprise; with irregular working hours; working in the regions of the Far North and in areas equated to them; in other cases stipulated by the legislation and other normative acts.
Additional leave is granted for a period of 6 to 12 working days. Employees who have worked at this enterprise for at least three years are granted leave for the length of service of 3 working days.
The Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation has been granted the right to establish the specifics of the working hours and rest periods for certain categories of railway workers directly related to the movement of trains.
2.2 Methodology for calculating indicators characterizing the ratio between individual elements of the balance of working time
Working time balance- this is a system of indicators that characterize the resources of the working time of workers, their distribution by type of cost and use. It is compiled with the aim of identifying reserves for increasing labor productivity through a more rational use of the working time fund and determining the number of workers. The balance of working time is calculated mainly for one average worker.
To assess the level of use of working time, indicators are used that characterize the ratio between individual elements of the balance of working time, which are calculated using the following formulas:
coefficient of use of the nominal fund of working time K nom:
K nom \u003d T act / T nom (9)
coefficient of effective use of the nominal fund of working time K e.nom:
To e.nom \u003d T floor / T nom (10)
loss coefficient K sweat:
K sweat = T sweat / T act (11)
T nom - nominal working time fund;
T act - active fund of working time;
T floor - a useful fund of working time;
T sweat - losses (non-normalized absenteeism).
3.Features of normalization of working hours in the field of railway transport
3.1 General information about JSC "Russian Railways"
Open Joint Stock Company "Russian Railways" is a commercial organization founded by the Russian Federation. The Company organizes its activities on the basis of the legislation of the Russian Federation and the Charter.
The main goals of the company's activities are to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals in rail transportation, works and services provided by rail transport, as well as making a profit.
The sole shareholder of the company is the Russian Federation.
On behalf of the Russian Federation, the powers of a shareholder are exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation.
The governing bodies of the company are:
ь General Meeting of Shareholders;
ь Board of directors of the company;
ь President of the society;
l Board of the company.
The company's control body is the company's audit commission.
3.2 Analysis of the use of working time at Gusev station
Analysis of the use of working time is carried out by comparing the actual number of working days with the planned number per one position and for the entire staff of the enterprise. When analyzing working time, the calendar fund includes the non-working time fund (weekends and holidays) and the nominal working time fund. In order to assess the effectiveness of the use of working time, it is necessary to single out the values of standardized and non-standardized losses of time. The actual and standard balances of working hours of JSC Russian Railways are given in Table. four.
Table 4. Analysis of the use of working time
|
Composition of the working time fund |
Actual |
Planned |
Deviations from the plan |
|
|
1. calendar fund of working time, days. |
||||
|
2. weekends and holidays |
||||
|
3. nominal working time fund |
||||
|
4. absenteeism, days |
||||
|
normalized: |
||||
|
4.1. regular and additional holidays |
||||
|
4.2. maternity leave |
||||
|
4.3. due to illness |
||||
|
4.4. with the permission of the administration |
||||
|
non-standardized: |
||||
|
4.5. absenteeism |
||||
|
4.6. all-day downtime |
||||
|
5. active working time fund, days. |
||||
|
6. attendance fund of working time, days |
||||
|
7. average working day, hours |
||||
|
8. work breaks, hours: |
||||
|
8.1. nursing mothers |
||||
|
8.2. teenagers |
||||
|
8.3. in particularly hazardous and difficult work |
||||
|
8.4. intra-shift downtime |
||||
|
9. actual working hours per day |
||||
|
10. effective working time fund, h. |
Calculations of indicators characterizing the ratio between individual elements of the actual balance of working time:
K nom = 219.5 / 260 = 0.8442
K e.nom = 218.5 / 260 = 0.8404
3. loss coefficient K sweat:
K sweat = 1 / 219.5 = 0.0046
Calculations of indicators characterizing the ratio between the individual elements of the planned balance of working time:
1. coefficient of use of the nominal fund of working time K nom:
K nom = 227.7 / 260 = 0.8758
2. coefficient of effective use of the nominal fund of working time K e.nom:
K e.nom = 227.7 / 260 = 0.8758
3. loss coefficient K sweat:
K pot will be equal to zero, since the planned balance of working hours does not provide for any irregular absenteeism.
Let's evaluate the indicated indicators in Table. 5.
Table 5. Analysis of working time utilization rates
In general, based on the data of the actual and standard balance presented in this paragraph, it is possible to determine the percentage of a possible increase in labor productivity by the formula:
K ppt \u003d M / T jav 100% (12)
T yav - attendance fund of working time;
M - loss of working time to be reduced in the standard balance.
Thus, the percentage of possible increase in labor productivity is equal to:
K ppt = 9.2 / 218.5 100% = 4.2%
Conclusion
Without labor rationing and elements of the tariff system, effective management of social production and the distribution of material goods is impossible.
Therefore, at the beginning of this work, the goal was set: to consider the implementation of the process of labor rationing on the Kaliningrad railway (at Gusev station).
To achieve this goal, at the beginning of this work, tasks were identified that were completed in the course of writing the work.
Primary documentation was collected, allowing to understand the process of labor rationing, and on this basis its description was carried out. After analyzing the process of labor rationing on the Kaliningrad railway, we can conclude that this enterprise uses exactly those standards and methods that they really need in these production conditions.
Labor productivity will depend on how accurately labor costs are calculated and controlled.
In the third chapter, calculations were made of indicators characterizing the ratio between individual elements of the actual and planned balances of working time, and the percentage of a possible increase in labor productivity was also calculated. Based on the calculations, we can conclude that it is necessary to strive to reduce the loss of working time by organizing labor rationing.
In general, we can say that the methods of scientific organization of labor should be widely used in enterprises in order to achieve an improvement in the results of their activities.
List of sources used
1. V.B. Bychin. Rationing of labor in the transition to a market economy. - M.: Publishing House of the Russian Academy of Economics named after G.V. Plekhanov, 2000.
3. I.A. Polyakov. Handbook of an economist on labor. - M .: Economics, 1999.
4. Ilyin P.I., Sinitsa L.M. Planning at the enterprise: At 2 o'clock - Minsk: New knowledge, 2000.
5. K.S. Remizov. Fundamentals of labor economics. - M.: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 2000.
7. Organization, rationing and wages in railway transport / Ed. Ph.D., prof. Yu.D. Petrov. - M.: "Transport" 2000.
8. On the Labor Code of the Russian Federation / Analytical Bulletin of the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. - No. 22, 2001.
9. Order No. 4-NOT dated January 14, 2005 "On the mode of operation for 2005".
10. Order No. 51-NOT dated April 15, 2005 “On changing the working hours of ticket tellers”.
11. Order No. 3-NOT dated January 14, 2005 “On the postponement of a day off in 2005”.
12. Russian Economic Journal No. 7, 2001.
13. Samoilova L.B. Workshop on Economics and Planning of a Manufacturing Firm: Textbook. - Kaliningrad: KSU Publishing House, 2002.
14. The sheet of accounting for the use of working time and calculation of earnings for April 2005.
15. Photograph of the working day of the cargo shop under Art. Gusev dated 12/14/2004
16. Enterprise Economics / Ed. V.Ya. Khripach. - Minsk: Ekonompress, 2000.
17. Economics of the enterprise: Textbook for universities / Ed. V.Ya. Gorfinkel, E.M. Kupryakova. - M.: Business and exchanges; UNITY, 1996.
Application
Classification of working time costs, their content and indexation
|
Cost elements |
Letter designations |
||
|
1. Preparatory and final time |
Obtaining a work order, obtaining a tool, fixtures, technological documentation, materials, blanks, familiarization with the work, technological documentation, drawings, instructing on the procedure for performing work, installing fixtures, tools, setting up and adjusting equipment, sharpening and editing tools at the beginning of work , delivery of the remains of materials and blanks, tools and fixtures, technological documentation and order, delivery of manufactured products to the controller. |
||
|
2. Operation time |
The time of the main (technological) and auxiliary work. |
||
|
3. Main (technological) time |
A qualitative or quantitative change in the object of labor: its size, properties, composition, shape or position in space. |
||
|
4.Handmade time |
Works performed in the main (technological) time manually (file filing, scraping, cutting with a chisel, etc.) without the use of machines and mechanisms. |
||
|
5. Machine-manual time |
Works performed in the main (technological) time manually using machines: Machining on a machine with manual feed, threading on a machine with dies, grinding on a lathe with sandpaper, etc. |
||
|
6. Active surveillance time |
Time (machine), during which the worker monitors the operation of the machine, the progress of the technological process, in order to ensure that the required amount of work is completed and the equipment is in good condition (for example, working on machines with the self-propelled on). |
||
|
7. Time of passive observation |
Time (machine) during which the worker does not need to constantly monitor the operation of the equipment or the technological process, however, he monitors the entire process due to the absence of other work. |
||
|
8. Support time |
The time spent on installation, fastening, alignment of parts, unloading and removal of finished products, movement of products (parts) in the process of their manufacture within the working area, quality control of manufactured products, movements (transitions) of the worker performed in the process of performing operations, all actions to control equipment and change its operating modes. (Auxiliary time when working on machines can be non-overlapping or partially (completely) overlapped by machine). |
||
|
9. Service time of the workplace |
Technical and organizational maintenance of the workplace, ensuring work without loss. This time can be overlapped and non-overlapped. |
||
|
10. Workplace maintenance time |
Replacement of worn (blunted) tools, sharpening and regrinding of tools, adjustment of equipment during operation, cleaning and lubrication of the machine |
||
|
11. Time of organizational maintenance of the workplace |
The time spent on maintaining the workplace in working condition and performing work that does not depend on the performance of specific work: acceptance and delivery of shifts; layout and cleaning of tools, documentation; movement of containers with blanks or finished products within the workplace and waste disposal. |
||
|
12. Works not provided for by the performance of the production task |
One-time (casual) work, unproductive expenses of working time |
||
|
13. One-time (random) work |
Works that are not typical for this (specialized) workplace. |
||
|
14. Unproductive costs of working time |
Time spent on manufacturing rejected products, correcting defects, removing excess allowances, work performed with a deviation from the established technology; the time spent on going after the outfit, drawing, for the master, adjuster, controller, for auxiliary workers; search and delivery of tools and fixtures, materials, blanks, etc. |
||
|
15. Scheduled breaks |
The time of breaks for rest, personal needs, the time of breaks due to technology and the organization of the production process. |
||
|
16. Time for rest and personal needs |
Breaks during the shift for rest in order to maintain normal performance and prevent fatigue; the time spent by workers on personal hygiene (washing, removing sweat, dust from the face and hands, etc.), as well as on the naturalness of the need. |
||
|
17. Breaks due to technology and organization of the production process |
Interruptions in the work of the performer caused by the difference in the established cycles of operation of the associated equipment or the performance of work on servicing the workplace in accordance with the schedule (breaks for organizational and technical reasons) |
||
|
18. Unscheduled breaks |
The time of breaks caused by a violation of the production process and a violation of labor discipline. |
||
|
19. Breaks due to disruption of the production process |
Time of breaks for organizational and technical reasons; waiting for adjustment and adjustment of equipment malfunctions and troubleshooting; lack of blanks of parts, materials in the workplace; lack of electricity, steam, air, gas, water; lack of tools, equipment; waiting for a crane, truck crane, electric car and other lifting vehicles, etc. |
||
|
20. Breaks depending on the performer |
Time of breaks due to violations of labor discipline and for disrespectful reasons. |
||
|
21. Breaks due to misconduct |
Time of breaks due to violations of the internal regulations: being late for work, unauthorized absences from the workplace, early departure from work, extraneous conversations during the shift. |
||
|
22. Breaks for good reasons |
Absence of the performer with the permission of the administration, sudden illness, injury, going to the first-aid post, helping another worker, teaching a student, etc. |
Similar Documents
Organization of labor regulation. The essence and purpose of labor rationing. Classification. The structure of working hours. Composition and calculation of technically justified norms of time and output. The study of the cost of working time by observation. Labor regulation methods.
term paper, added 06/03/2008
Classification of the cost of working time. Types of labor standards and their classification. The main methods of labor rationing. Analysis of the organization of labor and the cost of working time on the example of the travel company "Planet of Tourism". Problems in the organization of working time.
term paper, added 11/10/2014
The essence and purpose of labor rationing. Types of labor standards and their relationship. Rational use of working time at the enterprise, modes of work and rest. Methods of normalization of labor processes. The concept, content and task of labor organization.
abstract, added 08/03/2009
The concept and types of labor rationing at the enterprise. Analysis of the rationing and organization of work of shop workers on the example of OAO "Promtractor". Analysis of the cost of working time by timing. Ways to improve labor rationing at the enterprise under study.
term paper, added 04/06/2017
The concept and types of labor rationing at the enterprise. The structure and composition of the norm of time. Rationing of labor and costs of working time of shop workers on the example of OJSC "Kaluga Electromechanical Plant", recommendations for improving the rationing.
term paper, added 10/14/2012
The essence of labor standards and its types. Functions, tasks, meaning and principles of labor rationing. Methods of rationing labor costs and the quality of labor standards. Application of the analytical method of normalization. Technically and scientifically sound labor standards.
abstract, added 09/06/2006
The essence and purpose of labor regulation. The system of its norms and standards, their differences. Goals and objectives of the study of labor processes. Methods for calculating the standards of working time. The role of timing and photography of the working day for the study of techniques and methods of work.
term paper, added 09/24/2010
The role and essence of labor rationing in modern economic conditions. Classification of methods for studying working time. Development of measures and ways to improve the methods and ways of labor rationing at the enterprise in the conditions of market relations.
term paper, added 05/25/2014
Rationing of labor, elements of the production process. The essence and functions of labor rationing. Methods and means of studying the cost of working time. Photo of working time. The technology of the printing process at the enterprise. The order of the operation.
term paper, added 12/27/2009
The composition of labor standards. Norms for its normalization. The main directions and functions of the state policy in the field of labor protection. Important elements of labor regulation. The content of the activity according to its norms. The main conditions for the appointment of labor rationing.
4.1. The essence, purpose and tasks of labor rationing
The essence of labor rationing is the analysis of the organizational and technical conditions for the performance of work, methods, methods of labor, the development of measures for the introduction of NOT and the most rational procedure (technology) for the performance of rated work, followed by the establishment of labor costs.
Labor regulation at the enterprise provides:
determination of the planned labor intensity of manufacturing individual parts, assemblies and the product as a whole;
calculation of the required number of employees, both by profession and by qualification;
evaluation of the results of work, the establishment of wage funds and material incentives;
evaluation of the effectiveness of the introduction of new technology;
substantiation of the plan for increasing labor productivity;
calculation of production programs for workshops, sections, groups, individual jobs;
determining the amount of equipment needed;
assessment of the organizational level of workplaces during certification and development of optimal options for their organization and maintenance.
In modern conditions, labor rationing is an integral part of the enterprise management functions. At present, the employer, as the owner of the means of production (or part of them), seeks to extract the maximum profit from their use through the rational use of the worker's labor with minimal costs, including the optimal number of staff and minimal working hours while ensuring the high quality of products.
With the development of market relations, the issues of labor rationing are increasingly associated with the socio-economic and socio-psychological aspects of management, since the problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of personnel labor remains one of the most important.
An entrepreneur needs accurate accounting and control of production costs, including labor costs, as well as an increase in labor productivity of all categories of workers, primarily through the most rational use of working time. These goals are achieved through labor rationing.
In any society, there are two sides of existence - production and consumption, which determine the tasks of labor rationing (Fig. 4.1).
the maximum possible expansion of the scope of labor rationing, which will ensure the measurement and evaluation of labor costs for all types of activities and varieties of work performed;
maximum approximation of labor standards to socially necessary labor costs, i.e. high quality of established norms;
scientific validity of the norms;
analysis and consolidation in the norms of best practices;
ensuring unity and equal intensity of norms;
humanization of labor standards, contributing to the development of the individual and the satisfaction of the creative and material needs of the employee;
widespread use of modern electronic computers;
training and advanced training of personnel on standardization.
To manage an enterprise (organization), it is necessary to know the planned and actual labor costs and material costs per unit of output for the main cost elements. You can get this data with the help of labor rationing. Mapping planning norms labor costs per unit of output with actual norms allows the manager to determine the reserves to improve production efficiency.
Currently, organizations and enterprises use a system of labor standards, which reflects various aspects of labor activity (norms of time, output, service, number, manageability and normalized tasks).
Labor standards establish the necessary costs, as well as the results of labor. Moreover, labor standards should correspond to the most efficient use of labor and material resources of the relevant production units.
Objectively, there are two forms of labor costs: labor costs and labor costs (physical and nervous energy). Accordingly, the norms of the cost of working time and the norms of labor costs are distinguished.
4.2. A set of works on labor rationing
Labor rationing is a type of activity to address the issues of optimizing the labor process in specific production conditions. The results of work on labor rationing are largely determined by the professional level of labor specialists, their experience and, no less important, the ability to contact workers in the process of rationing and organizing their work.
The stages of the labor rationing process and their content are shown in Figure 4.2. 
It should be borne in mind that when organizing labor rationing at an enterprise, it is advisable to be based on the following principles (Fig. 4.3): 
the principle of efficiency - the need to establish labor standards under which production results are achieved with minimal total costs of labor, material, energy and information resources;
the principle of complexity - the need to take into account the relationship of technical, economic, psychological, social and legal factors affecting labor standards;
the principle of consistency - labor standards must correspond to the final results of production and take into account the dependencies between resource costs at all stages of the production process;
the principle of objectivity - the need to create equal opportunities for all employees of the enterprise to comply with the standards;
the principle of specificity - labor standards must correspond to the parameters of objects and means of labor, as well as manufactured products, working conditions, type of production and various objective characteristics that affect the amount of necessary labor and resource costs;
the principle of dynamism - the objective need to change labor standards with a significant change in production conditions;
the principle of legitimacy - the need for strict observance of laws and various legal acts in the regulation of labor;
the principle of a positive attitude of employees towards the enterprise - the need to create such a system of labor rationing, which ensures a general positive attitude of employees towards the functions performed, the social environment and the enterprise as a whole.
1. Preparatory and organizational and methodological work.
In the course of these works, the goals and objectives of the development of regulatory materials for labor rationing are determined, the types of norms are specified, and the terms of reference are drawn up.
The terms of reference are developed by the executing organization of the regulatory research work and approved by the customer organization.
The current technology, instructions, regulations, organizational and technical conditions and methods of performing work at workplaces are studied, equipment passports, characteristics of the tools used, fixtures, raw materials, materials, equipment operating modes, the content of technological and labor processes are selected; the possibility of developing normative materials using time standards, including microelement ones, using electronic computers for designing rational labor processes and calculating labor standards is established.
A methodological program of work on the development of a regulatory document is being developed, reflecting the following issues:
the choice of enterprises (institutions, organizations), their structural subdivisions, on the basis of the organization of production and labor of which progressive technological (labor) processes and rational organizational and technical conditions for their implementation, provided for in the design of labor cost standards, will be developed;
the use of existing regulatory materials for labor rationing, including microelement standards;
determination of factors affecting the time spent in the performance of individual works and ensuring the greatest accuracy of standards and norms with the least complexity and laboriousness of their development;
instructing employees who monitor and analyze the cost of working time and design norms and standards, the use of devices, video equipment, computer equipment, statistical, operational and other reporting data for this work;
verification of the draft regulatory materials in production conditions;
design of the collection of normative materials as a whole.
Said works include:
implementation of preparation for observations, performers are selected, whose work will be monitored, the compliance of technology, organization of the workplace and its maintenance with those designed is clarified;
carrying out direct measurements of working time (timekeeping, photographs of working time, video filming of labor processes, etc.) or momentary observations; at the same time, materials related to the establishment of labor costs at selected enterprises are used to the maximum;
carrying out technical calculations, experimental and other research work, processing the collected materials .
These works include:
analysis and generalization of the results of studying the costs of working time, development of standards (norms) for labor costs;
clarification of the main factors affecting the amount of labor costs; conclusion of empirical (based on experience) formulas - dependencies between the values of influencing factors and the values of labor costs;
preparation of a draft normative document in the first edition, as well as instructive instructions on the procedure for conducting its verification directly at the enterprise;
determination of specific enterprises (institutions, organizations), their structural subdivisions for conducting verification of regulatory materials on them;
sending a draft regulatory document with instructions on the procedure for its verification to selected enterprises (institutions, organizations), in their structural divisions.
The purpose of the audit is to identify the nature of the clarifications and additions to be made to the project.
5. Preparation of the final version of regulatory materials.
The analysis and study of the results of checking the draft regulatory document in a production environment, summarizing the feedback, comments and suggestions received is carried out.
Revision of the established labor standards in accordance with Article 160 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation may take place as new equipment, technology is improved or introduced, and organizational or other measures are taken to ensure the growth of labor productivity, as well as in the case of the use of physically and morally obsolete equipment.
It should be noted that the achievement of a high level of production (delivery of services) by individual employees through the use of new methods of work and improvement of workplaces (that is, advanced methods and forms of labor organization) cannot be a basis for revising previously established norms.
The replacement and revision of uniform and standard norms is carried out by the bodies that approved them.
Verification of the labor standards in force at the enterprise (in the institution, organization) is carried out by attestation commissions approved by the heads of enterprises (institutions, organizations).
Based on the results of the check for each norm, a decision is made: to certify or not to certify. Technically substantiated norms corresponding to the achieved level of engineering and technology, organization of production and labor are recognized as certified.
Outdated and erroneously established norms are recognized as not certified and are subject to revision. Outdated, in particular, should be considered the norms in force at work, the labor intensity of which has decreased as a result of a general improvement in the organization of production and labor, the growth of professional skills and the improvement of the production skills of workers and employees. Norms can be considered erroneous if the organizational and technical conditions were incorrectly taken into account or inaccuracies were made in the application of normative materials or in the calculations.
When checking the norms of labor costs, the administration is obliged to ensure a thorough check of the implementation of the technology provided for by the norms in all operations of the labor process, the compliance of the actually performed volume of work with the volumes laid down in the calculation of the norms. At the same time, the administration is obliged, based on specific production conditions, when checking the norms, to rationalize the technological processes of those operations, the conditions for which, provided for by the norms, do not correspond to the achieved level of organization of production and labor, best practices.
Revision of obsolete norms is carried out within the terms and in the amounts established by the management of the enterprise in agreement with the trade union committee.
The revision of erroneous norms is carried out as they are revealed in agreement with the trade union committee.
The grounds for applying correction factors to norms and standards may be the development of production capacities, new equipment, technology, new types of products or the discrepancy between the actual organizational and technical conditions of production provided for in the newly introduced norms and standards.
In order to systematically work to reduce labor costs, ensure the progressiveness of existing standards, the enterprise (in an institution, organization) before the beginning of the year, a calendar plan for replacing and revising labor standards can be developed.
The development of the plan is carried out on the basis of the measures planned for implementation of the plan for technical development and improvement of production and other measures that ensure an increase in labor productivity, a decrease in the labor intensity of work and a reduction in the number due to a reduction in labor costs.
The calendar plan provides, firstly, the development of standards for new work and work not previously covered by labor rationing, and, secondly, the revision of standards recognized as obsolete as a result of their verification.
The size of the revision of each obsolete labor cost norm, indicated in the calendar plan and which is the basis for calculating the economic effect, is determined approximately based on the results of its verification.
The draft calendar plan for the replacement and revision of labor costs by the administration of the enterprise is submitted for discussion by the labor collective and, taking into account its recommendations, is approved by the head of the enterprise in agreement with the trade union committee.
The administration of the enterprise is obliged to explain to each employee the grounds for revising the norms, to familiarize him with the methods, methods of work and the conditions under which they should be applied.
The events of the calendar plan for the replacement and revision of the norms must necessarily be closely linked with the relevant indicators of the economic and social development of the enterprise and the mutual obligations of the collective agreement, agreement.
In all cases, in accordance with Article 162 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, employees must be notified of the introduction of new labor standards no later than two months before their introduction (before the adoption of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in accordance with Article 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, notification should have been made no later than one month).
The normative materials approved in accordance with the established procedure for labor regulation are introduced at enterprises, institutions, organizations in accordance with their scope and scope.
Regulatory materials are put into effect by the order of the head in agreement with the elected trade union body.
To ensure the effective implementation and development of regulatory materials and norms developed on their basis, at enterprises, institutions and organizations, it is recommended to carry out the following activities:
checking the organizational and technical readiness of production sites and workplaces to work according to the new standards (as far as the organizational and technical conditions for the performance of work correspond to the conditions provided for by the new time standards);
planning and implementation in a short time of organizational and technical measures to eliminate identified shortcomings in the organization of labor and production, as well as to improve working conditions;
familiarization with the new time standards of all employees who will work according to them, in time in accordance with applicable law.
If, when carrying out the above work, it turns out that the existing organizational and technical conditions at the enterprise (in an institution, organization) are more perfect than the conditions provided for in industry standards or standards, and the current local standards for the relevant work are more progressive than the new standards, then no new industry norms or regulations are being introduced.
At those enterprises where the actual organizational and technical conditions coincide with the conditions provided for in the collection, new norms or standards are introduced without any changes.
As the enterprise (institution, organization) introduces new equipment and technological equipment, more advanced technology and organization of production and labor than provided for in the regulatory materials that ensure the growth of labor productivity, the introduced labor cost norms calculated on their basis may be replaced by new, more progressive local time standards.
As part of the introduction, revision and replacement of labor standards, the administration of the enterprise (institution, organization), for its part, firstly, must ensure normal working conditions for the implementation of production standards, including:
good condition of premises, structures, machines, technological equipment and equipment;
timely provision of technical and other documentation necessary for work;
proper quality of materials, tools, other means and items necessary for the performance of work, their timely provision to the employee;
working conditions that meet the requirements of labor protection and production safety.
Rationing the work of time workers
The rationing of the work of time workers can be carried out by developing standardized tasks that provide for the composition and sequence of work, as well as their volume. At the same time, the volume of work can be expressed in labor (standard hours) or natural (pieces, tons, etc.) indicators.
A standardized task is a set amount of work that an employee or a group of employees (in particular, a team) is required to perform for a work shift, a working month (respectively, a shift and a monthly standardized task) or in another unit of working time on time-paid work.
Normalized tasks are diverse, but the principles of their definition are the same. They are developed on the basis of the current norms of labor costs and may contain individual and collective labor costs, established taking into account tasks to increase labor productivity and save material resources. These tasks are set based on the opportunities available at each workplace. Therefore, normalized tasks, in contrast to the norms of labor costs, can be set only for a specific workplace and taking into account only its inherent features and possibilities for mobilizing intra-production reserves to increase labor efficiency.
The use of standardized tasks in combination with a system of labor incentives for the results of their implementation can act as the basis for improving the organization and accounting of labor, production efficiency.
The standardized tasks indicate the composition and scope of work, the service area, the schedule for completing tasks based on technically sound norms and standards for labor costs.
Depending on the nature of the work performed, two types of tasks are distinguished:
standardized task for the performance of stable work, the volume and composition of which can be predetermined;
a normalized task for the performance of unstable work, that is, work whose volume and composition cannot be determined in advance (for example, for workers engaged in the adjustment, repair and maintenance of equipment and structures .
Note that the standardized tasks should be distinguished from the production tasks used in practice, which are set for piecework workers in addition to the production standards. Production tasks are not labor standards, but serve as indicators of rationing and are usually taken into account when bonuses are awarded.
Normalized tasks, if possible, should also be issued when combining professions (positions), as well as when combining jobs.
Rationing of work of piecework workers
When rationing the work of piecework workers, piece rates are used - the amount of payment for the production of a unit of output (product) or for performing a certain operation with piecework wages.
The piece rate is determined by dividing the hourly (daily) tariff rate corresponding to the category of work performed by the hourly (daily) rate of output. In addition, the piece rate can also be determined by multiplying the hourly or daily tariff rate corresponding to the category of work performed by the established time rate in hours or days.
With collective piecework wages, both individual (operational) and collective rates are applied. Individual rates are calculated in the same manner as piece rates for individual payment. Collective piece rates are calculated on the basis of operational or complex (aggregate) production rates. Collective piece rates are determined by dividing the total amount of tariff rates of all members of the brigade by the rate of production.
All additional work that is not included in the complex rate, and therefore not taken into account by the collective piece-rate, is paid to the team separately according to the rates and prices that are established for these works.
4.3. General procedure for development and implementation
labor standards and regulations
A universal measure of the amount of labor expended on the performance of a particular job is working time. Therefore, labor standards are determined through the amount of working time required to perform a particular job or through the amount of work that must be done per unit of time.
The legislative framework for regulating labor rationing issues is reflected in Chapter 22 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Labor Code of the Russian Federation), as well as in the “Regulation on the organization of labor rationing in the national economy”, approved by the Decree of the State Committee for Labor and the Presidium of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated June 19, 1986 No. 226 / P-6 (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation on labor rationing).
When rationing, norms and standards are used.
Under the norm refers to the amount of time it takes to complete a given amount of work. standard- the amount of time required to complete individual elements of the production or labor process.
Article 160 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation highlights such labor standards as production, time, and service standards.
The regulation on labor rationing among the norms and standards highlights the norm of time, the norm of production, the norm of service, the norm of the number, the norm of the number.
Norm of time- this is the amount of working time spent to perform a unit of work by an employee or a group of employees (in particular, a team) of appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions.
The norm consists of the norm of preparatory and final time and the norm of piece time, consisting of operational time, time for servicing the workplace and time for rest and personal needs. Classification of norms (labor standards is shown in Figure 4.4.
Production rate- this is the established amount of work (number of units of production) that an employee or a group of employees (in particular, a team) of appropriate qualifications is required to perform (manufacture, transport, etc.) per unit of working time in certain organizational and technical conditions.
The output rate is the value of the derivative of the time rate and is determined by dividing the working time of the performers of the normalized work for the accounting period by the time rate. 
Service rate- this is the number of production facilities (pieces of equipment, jobs, etc.) that an employee or a group of employees (in particular, a team) of appropriate qualifications are required to serve during a unit of working time in certain organizational and technical conditions. These norms are intended to standardize the labor of workers engaged in the maintenance of equipment, production areas, workplaces, as well as for persons servicing computers and cleaners. In addition, service standards are developed to establish time standards (production) for multi-machine work, as well as in cases where it is not advisable to ration the work of workers on the basis of time standards (production), that is, with full automation of work.
A type of service standard is control rate, determines the number of employees who should be managed by one leader.
The concept of the service time norm is associated with the service rate, which is understood as the amount of working time costs established for servicing a piece of equipment, production space or other production units in certain organizational and technical conditions.
population rate- this is the established number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform specific production, management functions or scope of work in certain organizational and technical conditions. According to the norms of the number, labor costs are determined by professions, specialties, groups or types of work, individual functions, as a whole for an enterprise or workshop, their structural divisions.
Number standard- a predetermined estimated value, which is the number of workers who can be kept to service a particular facility or perform a certain amount of work (that is, it is established on the basis of service standards).
Labor standards can be established for a separate operation (operational norm) and an interconnected group of operations, a complete set of works (enlarged, complex norm). The latter are established on the basis of a planning and accounting (accounting) unit of production (work), as a rule, for a finished product, assembly, scope of work, stage or construction object.
Uniform labor standards are developed for work performed using the same technology in similar production conditions in one or a number of industries, and are mandatory for use at all enterprises when rationing the work of workers in the relevant types of work. Uniform norms are approved for a certain period.
Labor standards are determined by normative materials, which include labor standards.
Labor standards- these are regulated values (values) of labor (time) costs for the performance of individual elements (complexes) of work, maintenance of a piece of equipment, workplace, team, structural unit, etc., as well as the number of employees required to perform production, management functions or the amount of work taken as a unit of measurement, depending on the specific organizational and technical conditions and factors of production. Labor standards also include standards for operating modes of technical means and equipment, according to which the optimal modes of the process are established and the main (technological) machine and machine-manual time is determined.
Normative materials for labor rationing serve as the basis for calculating reasonable labor costs, and must meet the following basic requirements:
correspond to the modern level of engineering and technology, organization of production and labor;
take into account to the maximum extent the influence of technical, technological, organizational, economic and psychophysiological factors;
ensure the high quality of established labor standards, the optimal level of tension (intensity) of labor;
meet the required level of accuracy;
be convenient for calculating labor costs at enterprises (in an institution, organization) and determining the labor intensity of work;
ensure the possibility of using them in automated systems and personal electronic computers for collecting and processing information, developing labor standards.
for a separate operation (operational or differentiated norm);
an interconnected group of operations (enlarged norms);
for a completed set of works (complex norm).
According to the scope of application, normative materials for labor rationing are divided into intersectoral, sectoral (departmental, professional) and local.
Intersectoral norms are intended for the regulation of labor at work performed at enterprises (in institutions, organizations) of two or more sectors of the economy.
Industry (departmental, professional) standards are intended for labor rationing at works performed at enterprises (in institutions, organizations) of one branch of the economy.
Local regulations labor are developed at enterprises (in institutions, organizations) in cases where there are no intersectoral and sectoral regulatory materials, as well as when creating more progressive organizational and technical conditions or their inconsistency compared to those taken into account when developing existing industry regulatory materials.
Model labor standards in accordance with Article 161 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation are developed and approved in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 11, 2002 No. 804 “On the Rules for the Development and Approval of Model Labor Standards” determines that model norms labor are developed by the federal executive body, which is entrusted with the management, regulation and coordination of activities in the industry (sub-sector) of the economy.
Model intersectoral labor standards approved by the Russian Ministry of Labor.
Typical professional, industry and other labor standards are approved by the federal executive body in agreement with the Ministry of Labor of Russia.
Model labor standards are approved by the federal executive body in accordance with the rules for the preparation of regulatory legal acts of federal executive bodies.
The revision of standard labor standards in cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation is carried out in the manner established for their development and approval.
Local normative materials are developed for certain types of work in cases where there are no relevant intersectoral and sectoral normative materials. Local regulatory materials are approved by the administration of the enterprise.
Norms can be set both for stable work (permanent norms), and for the period of development of certain types of work in the absence of regulatory materials for labor rationing (temporary rules), or for certain types of work that are of a single nature (one-time or single norms).
The period of validity of temporary norms, as a rule, is:
developed directly at the enterprise, institution, organization - 3 months;
developed by a higher organization - no more than 6 months;
developed by the Ministry (department) - no more than one year.
Sectoral and intersectoral norms and standards are mandatory for enterprises of the relevant ministries and departments of the Russian Federation.
In all cases, labor standards must be justified from the technical, economic, organizational, psycho-physiological and social sides.
From the economic side, the norms should be effective in terms of minimizing labor costs, from the psychophysiological side, they should ensure the preservation of the health of workers, from the social side, norms should be established in which employees are interested, from the technical side, the norms should correspond to the level of technology and technology, organization of production and labor.
The technical justification takes into account the identification and analysis of technical factors that depend on production, the design of technological modes of equipment operation. The organizational justification assumes that progressive methods of organizing production and labor should be taken into account when calculating the norms.
The economic justification provides for an analysis of the impact of the developed norms on labor productivity, product quality and cost, and other production indicators.
Psychophysiological substantiation implies the choice of the optimal variant of the labor process, which takes place in favorable conditions with normal intensity of labor and a rational regime of work and rest in order to preserve the health of workers, their high working capacity and vital activity.
According to Article 160 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, labor standards must be established in accordance with the achieved level of technology, technology, organization of production and labor.
The introduction, as well as the replacement and revision of labor standards, are formalized by local regulatory acts of the organization (order, order, regulation regulation, etc.) and taking into account the opinion of the representative body of workers (trade union body, labor collective council, etc.).
4.4. Labor rationing methods
The rationing method is understood as a set of methods, calculations and their sequence in the rationing of labor.
In the process of establishing reasonable norms (standards) of labor, the following are analyzed:
A) production capabilities of equipment and tools;
B) technological modes of processing processes;
C) manual labor methods and actions in order to combine them and reduce the duration while ensuring complete safety and normal working conditions;
D) the main elements of the organization of the workplace and their impact on the duration of the operation;
E) the main elements of labor organization (in particular, the level of its specialization).
Rationing methods can be classified according to two criteria: the degree of use of the principles of the scientific organization of labor (NOT) and the degree of differentiation of labor (technological) processes and manufacturing operations (Fig. 4.5). 
Summary (experimental-statistical) methods of rationing are characterized by the fact that the norm of time for an operation or work is determined as a whole, without element-by-element analysis and design of optimal conditions, modes and methods of work. Based on the statistics of analogues of operations or work and by selective timekeeping, the rater sets the time rate, thereby reflecting the actual production conditions and the achieved level of labor productivity.
Such labor standards do not meet the requirements of the scientific organization of labor, are of an approximate-estimated nature, and therefore are applicable for individual and small-scale production.
Analytical rationing methods consist in the mandatory division of the operation into normalized elements (technological and labor), the analysis of production factors affecting the duration of each element, the design of a rational structure of the operation, and the calculation or establishment of technically justified time standards.
There are two varieties analytical methods:
analytical and calculation;
analytical research.
Analytical research methods are also used for mass production in cases where there are no necessary regulatory data for manufactured original parts, assembly units. They consist in the direct study of the technological operation with its differentiation into individual elements, by taking photographs of working time, timing under conditions of rational organization of labor and production at the workplace. With multiple observations of the performance of the same technological operation by different workers, these methods allow, based on the generalization of the results of observations and the derivation of average indicators, to establish technically justified time standards.
The degree of differentiation of labor processes is directly related to the degree of detailing of the developed technological processes. It also determines the complexity of normalization.
The most time-consuming differentiated rationing is used for the conditions of mass and large-scale production with detailed technological processes and is supplemented by microelement rationing, when individual labor methods and movements are studied, ways are found to reduce the time for their implementation.
Enlarged rationing is used in conditions of pilot, single and small-scale production, when technological processes are developed, enlarged or presented in the form of route maps. Accordingly, labor processes cannot be detailed. At the same time, normative and reference materials are used, which present enlarged standards for certain types of processing, standard sizes of processed surfaces, technological transitions and complexes of labor methods. Enlarged rationing is a modification of the analytical and computational method and ensures the development of technically justified time standards, with a sufficient degree of accuracy and minimal labor costs for rationing.
The most enlarged rationing method is the calculation according to standard time standards established for groups of structurally and technologically homogeneous parts.
By analogy with group technology for the development of technical processes, this method can be called group rationing. It is characterized by the least laboriousness with direct rationing, but requires painstaking preparation. It is used in conjunction with group design of technological processes based on the development of the following regulatory materials at enterprises: a classifier of machined parts with their division into groups and standard sizes; typical processing flow charts for each group of structurally and technologically homogeneous parts; tables of typical time norms by groups of parts and types of processing.
4.5. Norms of time and output, the procedure for their determination
The norm of time or the complexity of operations is the main initial standard in determining the measure of remuneration. Work in production is regulated, first of all, by the length of working time, as a statutory period during which workers are obliged to perform the work entrusted to them in accordance with their specialization and qualifications.
To identify normalized and non-standardized costs of working time, it is divided into the following structural components:
A) the time of work, consisting of the costs of fulfilling the production task and the costs that are not due to the production task, which are direct losses of working time;
B) the time of breaks, divided into standard breaks for rest and personal needs; breaks for organizational and technical reasons (downtime); breaks associated with violations of labor, technological, performance discipline.
The lead time for a production order includes the following elements:
1) preparatory - final time, due to the need to prepare the workplace before the start of a specific work and after its completion (usually this time is associated with a batch of homogeneous parts sequentially processed at the workplace);
2) operational time, repeating with each unit of manufactured products and consisting of the main time (technological, i.e. equipment operation time) and auxiliary time associated with the management of equipment and tools in the process of manufacturing the part;
3) additional time, including regulated breaks for rest and personal needs, time for technical and organizational maintenance of the workplace. The norm of time is composed of the costs that are necessary in the manufacture of products. The structure of a technically justified norm of time includes general shift (party) costs, i.e. preparatory - final time, and the costs associated with the manufacture of each unit of production (piece), called piece time (Fig. 4.6).
Thus, the norm of time is the time spent on performing a certain operation. It is calculated for serial and mass production and coincides with the norm of piece time:
(4.1)
where T op- time of operational work; T obs- working time for maintenance of the workplace; T otd- breaks for rest and personal needs; T Fri- the time of regulated breaks due to technology and organization of production;
The norm of piece-calculation time is determined by the formula: 
(4.2)
where T pz- preparatory final time for a batch of objects of labor; n is the batch size.
For different types of production, different formulas for calculating the norm of piece time are used:
For the conditions of mass and large-scale production, where the workplace maintenance time is divided by the technical and organizational maintenance time, calculated as a percentage, respectively, of the main and operational time, the time rate is found by the formula:
(4.3)
- for the conditions of medium and small-scale production: 
(4.4)
where BUT org- time for organizational maintenance of the workplace,% of the main time; BUT otd- time for rest and personal needs of the worker,% of the operational time; in those
- time for technological maintenance of the workplace; BUT Fri- the time of breaks due to technology and organization of the production process,% of the operational.
When performing work characterized by the simultaneous processing of a certain number of products or a certain batch of raw materials, the time rate is set based on the standard duration of the technological process necessary for processing a given amount of products, auxiliary time, maintenance time of the workplace, time for rest and personal needs, and taking into account service standards.
The following formulas are used in the calculations: 
(4.5)
Or 
(4.6)
where H about- service rate; q- the amount of work per unit of time;
main time ( T about) is determined by the general formula: 
(4.7)
where Q- the total amount of work.
In machine work, the main time is determined by the formula: 
(4.8)
where L- the length of the processing of the part, mm; S– tool (part) feed per spindle revolution, mm; n- the number of spindle revolutions per minute; i- number of cutter passes.
The output rate is defined as the quotient of dividing the time fund, for which it is advisable to take the duration of the shift, by the time rate. In general, the production rate is calculated by the formula: 
(4.9)
where T D– period of working time (hour, shift, etc.).
In cases of individual organization of labor, the production rate is determined by:
1. In a single production: 
, (4.10)
2. In serial production: 
(4.11)
3. Mass production: 
(4.12)
(4.13)
There is an inverse relationship between the norm of time (x) and the norm of output (y): 
(4.14)
If the time rate is calculated according to the formula (4.5), then the following formula is used to determine the production rate: 
(4.15)
If the time rate is determined by the formula (4.6), then the following formula is used to determine the production rate: 
(4.16)
In continuous hardware processes, the production rate is determined by the formula: 
(4.17)
where T pl- the duration of the billing period, hours; To- coefficient taking into account the downtime of equipment in scheduled preventive maintenance; q c- the number of products manufactured with a piece of equipment in one cycle; H on- the rate of equipment productivity per unit of time.
The equipment performance rate is determined by the formula: 
(4.18)
where BUT- the theoretical performance of the equipment in the norm of time; To pv- coefficient of useful time of equipment operation; To n- coefficient taking into account the incomplete use of the technical capabilities of the equipment for reasons related to the technology and organization of production.
In periodic processes, the production rate is determined by the formula: 
(4.19)
where T cm- the duration of the shift; T c– cycle duration; Q c - product removal per cycle; N is the number of serviced units.
If not one, but a group of workers participates in the manufacture of products when performing a task, then the formula for calculating the production rate will take the form: 
(4.20)
where T R- the duration of the period for which production standards are set, hour, shift, day, month; H- the number of workers involved in the performance of work; H vr- the rate of time required to complete a unit of production, man-hours, man-min.
The complex time norm in the team organization of labor is determined taking into account the coefficient of the effect of team work according to the formulas: 
(4.21)
(4.22)
where n- the number of parts included in the brigade set; H vi
- the norm of time for the manufacture of the i-th type of part of the brigade set of people-h; H inj- standard time for j-th operation, people-h; m is the number of operations required for manufacturing i-th details.
In mass and large-scale production with a stable output and with the inclusion of time workers and specialists in the brigade, the complex time norm for a brigade set is determined by the formula: 
(4.23)
where T rp- the norm of time, reflecting the labor costs of part-time workers included in the team for the manufacture of one team set, man-hour; T cn - the norm of time, reflecting the labor costs of the specialists included in the team for the manufacture of one team kit, man-hours.
The complex production rate for the team is determined by the formula: 
(4.24)
where F slave- a shift fund of the working time of the brigade.
4.6. Calculation of ratio norms
The ratio norms characterize the calculated and empirical dependencies established between the number of serviced objects (aggregates, machines, workers) and the number of performers (service norms), between the number of employees and the number of objects served by them (number norms), between the number of subordinate workers and the number of their managers ( management standards).
The rate of maintenance of objects (machines, units, workers) by one auxiliary worker is calculated by the formula: 
(4.25)
where T cm- duration of the work shift; H in- the norm of time for servicing a piece of equipment; H in- the rate of time per unit of work; n is the number of units of work;
To- a coefficient that takes into account the performance of additional functions not taken into account by the norm of time, as well as time for rest and personal needs.
The service rate in the conditions of continuous and instrumental processes is set on the basis of the service time rate. The calculation is made according to the formula: 
(4.26)
where H WRO- standard time for servicing one piece of equipment (n-h); H VLOOKUP– standard time for the transition between service objects.
In the conditions of periodic (cyclic) processes, the service rate is calculated by the formula: 
, (4.27)
where T c– cycle time; T h- the time the worker is busy with operational work per cycle; T DZ –
coefficient of permissible workload of a worker with operational work.
The calculation of the coefficient of permissible workload of a worker with operational work is carried out according to the formula: 
(4.28)
where T cm- the duration of the shift; T pz- time of preparatory and final work; T otd– time for rest and personal needs; To With- a coefficient that takes into account the coincidence of the employment of a worker on one equipment with a stop on another.
During route service To With = 1.
If the duration of the operation is longer than the duration of the shift and T c more T cm, then the number of cycles per shift is determined 
and then the sum of operational time per cycle is calculated: 
.
The multi-machine maintenance rate is calculated using the following formula:
1. When servicing backup machines: 
(4.29)
where T ma- the time of machine-automatic work on one machine; To willows- coefficient of use of the machine in time; T h- time of employment of a worker on one machine, min.
When servicing machines with different production cycles, the time of machine-automatic work on one machine and the time the worker is busy on one machine are taken into account. The norm of multi-machine maintenance under these conditions is determined by the formula:
(4.30)
Meaning To willows accepted in single and small-scale production - 0.65-0.75; serial - 0.70-0.80; large-scale - 0.75-0.85; mass - 0.85-0.90.
The worker's employment time is determined by the formula:
(4.31)
where T vp , T GDP- auxiliary time, respectively overlapped and not overlapped by the main one; T a– time of active monitoring of the machine; T P is the time it takes to move from one machine to another.
The duration of the cycle is determined by the formula: 
wherein 
(4.32)
Free time of work in one cycle is determined by the formula: 
(4.33)
In the conditions of automated production processes, the rate of productivity (output) is determined by the formulas: 
or 
(4.34)
where 
or 
.
The headcount rate is the established number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform specific production, management functions or scope of work. The population rate is the reciprocal of the service rate and is determined by the formulas:
(4.35)
(4.36)
where O- the total number of serviced units of equipment; H vr- the rate of time per unit of work.
Service and headcount standards are used to calculate the number of service personnel (auxiliary workers), as well as to standardize managerial work that is unstable in nature, but with repetitive elements in the content of labor (dispatchers, timekeepers, accountants, etc.).
To calculate the number of workers, the following are determined: a) the rate of attendance according to one of the formulas: 
, (4.37)
, (4.38)
where To cm
– shift coefficient; H h.sp- the norm of the payroll.
The turnout rate is the number of workers required to service a certain specific number of equipment or perform certain functions;
B) for planning purposes, the payroll number of workers is calculated: 
, (4.39)
where F n- nominal fund of working time in the period (days); F R- the real fund of working time.
The controllability norm determines the optimal number of working or production units, the activities of which can be qualitatively managed by one manager. The calculation of such norms is based on the following empirical dependencies established by the Institute of Labor by testing them at various objects:
1) the dependence of the manager's labor on the main production factors is established.
For example, for foremen of production sites at machine-building plants
, (4.40)
where R ots- the number of main production workers in the shop; FROM R- the average category of work; To P- coefficient taking into account the type of production (1 - single; 2 - small-scale; 3 - serial; 4 - large-scale; 5 - mass).
2) recommendatory boundaries for the number of subordinates of managers - administrators for the upper and middle levels of management at enterprises are established. For example, for the director of an enterprise, his deputies, heads of departments and workshops, it is recommended that when forming the organizational structure of management H ex= 6 - 12 people;
3) a relationship is established between the payroll number of workers at the enterprise, the labor intensity of management work, calculated or determined approximately according to standard parameters, and the total number of managerial personnel: 
, (4.41)
where H ex- the total number of engineering and technical workers, employees, administrators (AUP) at the enterprise; T pack R- the complexity of management work at the enterprise per year per worker (h); F R- real working time fund of one worker per year (h);
4) Empirically, normative relationships are established within certain limits between the total number of industrial and production personnel (PPP), the number of piecework workers and the number of engineering and technical workers (ITR) for a certain managerial function.
The norms of ratios, therefore, make it possible to determine the number of individual groups of industrial and production personnel in relation to the number of main production workers, or the number of technological equipment.
4.7. Rationing of work of engineers and employees
The variety of work performed by engineers and employees, the lack of unified algorithms for their implementation, the subjective features of the thinking process when processing the necessary information and forming decisions exclude the possibility of using traditional methods of direct, direct rationing of their work.
However, the need for an objective quantitative measurement of their work is not eliminated by this, but the development of the necessary system of time standards is significantly complicated, since it is impossible to study work by traditional methods of studying observation.
Only some systematically repeated works of a strictly defined content (for example, control, testing of a certain quality parameter of a product, printing, etc.) can be normalized based on the results of a direct study of the time of their execution.
For all other types of engineering, managerial labor and production maintenance processes, time standards are set indirectly according to statistical or actual data, taking into account the main factors affecting the labor intensity of the normalized work.
The time standards for standardizing the work of engineers and employees can be expressed in the form of labor intensity or standards for the number of performers for a certain type and volume of work performed.
Labor intensity standards engineering and management work, depending on the method of their establishment and accuracy, can be:
differentiated, i.e. on the elements of the process and the factors that determine the duration;
enlarged, established in general for a certain type of work, or in the form of an allowable number of performers to perform certain functions.
In particular, a methodology was developed for setting the work of engineers and employees by management functions, based on the methods of correlation analysis, and calculation formulas were given to determine the number of engineers and employees in the main divisions of the enterprise management apparatus (Table 4.1). On the basis of these formulas, special tables can be developed in which, for specific values of the factor, the number obtained by calculation is given.
Table 4.1
Determination of the number of engineers and employees by management functions
| Name Functions Office | Calculation formula | Letter Designation |
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| General (line) management of the main production | | Rmain– number of key workers; F- the cost of fixed production assets. |
| Development and improvement of product designs |  | a- the number of items of original parts; Tosl- coefficient of complexity of parts |
| Technological preparation of production | | M- the number of jobs in the main production; m- the number of technological operations in production |
| End of table 4.1 |
||
| 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Provision of production tooling |  | |
| Standardization and normalization |  | |
| Organization of labor and wages |  | Rp.p.– number of industrial and production personnel |
| Maintenance and energy service |  | |
| Product quality control | | |
| Operational management of the main production | | FROM- the number of independent units in the main production |
| Technical and economic planning | | |
| Accounting and financial activities | | ? - the number of types of standard sizes, used basic and auxiliary materials, semi-finished products and finished products |
| Material and technical supply and sales | | Rcommon- the total number of workers; P– number of suppliers and consumers |
| Recruitment and training |  | |
| housekeeping service |  | |
And so, due to the lack of regulation, the variability of the activities of engineering, technical and managerial personnel, traditional methods of rationing their work may turn out to be ineffective. Currently, in addition to the methodology developed by the Research Institute of Labor, the following methods of rationing managerial work are used:
The analogy method is based on taking into account the experience of efficient enterprises;
The method of enlarged headcount standards is based on an indirect measurement of the labor intensity of work and the calculation of the number of engineers and managers for the entire production and for departments;
The method of direct rationing (for constantly recurring work or work that can be divided into repetitive operations) - through the division into operations and analysis of the time required for the operations.
Security Questions for Chapter 4
What is the essence of labor regulation?
What are the main tasks, principles and functions of labor rationing?
What is meant by labor regulation?
What is the essence of the method of momentary observations as one of the specific means of studying labor processes?
What labor standards do you know, how are they calculated?
What components of working time are related to losses and are not included in the norm of time?
What is the difference between labor standards and labor standards?
How are labor standards and labor standards classified?
What is the general procedure for developing standards for the cost of working time?
What is the peculiarity of calculating the norm of piece time in single and mass production?
What are the ratios.
What approaches are used to calculate the controllability norms?
What is the specificity of labor rationing for engineers and employees;
Test tasks to consolidate the material of Chapter 4
1. What is the essence of labor rationing:
a) the process of labor rationing involves the calculation of labor standards for all categories of personnel;
b) when rationing labor, an approximate assessment of the labor costs of employees for the performance of various works is carried out;
c) labor rationing is the establishment of labor costs for all categories of personnel on the basis of a study of the labor activity of employees and all conditions and implementation;
d) labor rationing is carried out for piecework workers for the purpose of subsequent calculation of their wages.
2. What requirements should the labor standard meet:
a) the labor rate must correspond to the specifics of production, the capabilities of the equipment and the degree of its moral and physical deterioration;
b) the labor standard should take into account the physical capabilities of workers, working conditions, the degree of their normalization;
c) the labor standard must meet the requirements of progressiveness, objectivity, technical, physical and economic justification;
d) the labor rate must be economically feasible in order to prevent an excessive increase in the share of living labor in the overall structure of product costs.
3. What rationing methods are distinguished according to the degree of use of the principles of NOT:
a) group rationing;
b) enlarged rationing;
c) experimental-statistical and analytical rationing;
d) differentiation normalization and the total method of normalization.
4. What components of working time are related to losses and are not included in the norm of time:
a) maintenance of the workplace;
b) time for rest and personal needs of employees;
c) violation of labor discipline and losses due to organizational and technical reasons;
d) preparatory-final time;
5. What is the essence of the method of momentary observations, as one of the specific means of studying labor processes:
a) the method of momentary observations allows you to fix what is happening at the workplace at a certain point in time, on the basis of which an approximate cut of the employment of workers during the shift is made;
b) the method of momentary observations makes it possible to increase the productivity of labor raters by compiling the average balances of costs and losses of working time per shift for all employees of the unit through several fixations of the employment of employees during the shift;
c) the method of momentary observations is an effective method of monitoring the labor activity of employees by managers, because it allows you to fix the types of costs and losses of working time;
d) the method of momentary observations makes it possible to establish the rate of employment of a worker in the main operations of the labor process.
6. What is the difference between the norm of the duration of the operation and the norm of time for the operation:
a) the norm of the duration of the operation is equal to the norm of time multiplied by the number of performers;
b) the norm of time (labor intensity of the operation) characterizes the labor costs of the operation, and the norm of the duration of the operation reflects its duration in time;
c) the norm of duration is measured in calendar time, and the norm of time - in standard hours (man-hours);
d) the norm of the duration of the operation characterizes the actual time interval from the beginning to the end of its execution, and the norm of time reflects the forecast calculation of the time spent on the operation.
7. What is the meaning of indirect labor rationing:
A) indirect labor rationing ensures an increase in labor productivity of the main production workers;
B) in motivating the work of auxiliary and service workers and linking it with the main production activity;
c) indirect labor rationing is used for the main production workers, when it is difficult to directly calculate labor standards;
d) indirect labor rationing characterizes the expression of labor cost norms through indirect indicators (labor intensity, expenditure of physical and mental energy, etc.).
8. What types of labor standards include ratio standards and why are they so named:
a) the norms of correlations include the norms of employment, the pace of work, permissible fatigue and, as it were, correlate them with the norm of time;
b) the norms of correlations include the norms of the severity of labor, the intensity of labor, the norms of output and also correlate them with the complexity of operations;
c) the ratio norms include the norms of service, number and manageability, which is due to the ratio of the number of service personnel, managers with the number of main workers;
d) ratio norms include production norms, correlating them with time norms.
9. What determines the norm of controllability and what types of norms it refers to:
A) the manageability rate characterizes the number of managers who can manage the enterprise, refers to the norms of labor costs;
b) the manageability norm determines the optimal number of working or production units, the activities of which can be qualitatively managed by one manager, refers to the ratio norms;
C) the controllability rate shows the total number of subordinates who are subordinate to the director of the company, refers to the rates of expenditure of physical and emotional energy;
D) the controllability norm characterizes the effectiveness of enterprise and organization management and reflects the relationship between the object and the subject of management.
10. What is the specificity of labor rationing for engineers and employees:
A) in the appointment of rationing, mainly for work planning;
B) in orientation to standard norms of time and service;
C) in the complexity of rationing the creative stages of the work of engineers and employees;
D) in the calculation of time standards for simple routine procedures with the transfer of engineers and employees to a mixed wage system.
Practical tasks for chapter 4
Exercise 1
Process the observation sheet of an individual photograph of the working day (Table 9): calculate the coefficient of use of working time (K use); coefficient of loss of working time for organizational and technical reasons (K sweat), coefficient of loss of working time due to violations of labor discipline (K ntd), possible percentage increase in labor productivity (P pt) with partial (by 70%) and complete elimination of worker losses time; draw up a normative balance of the working day and calculate the maximum possible P pt with the elimination of all losses and unnecessary costs of working time; develop measures to improve the use of working time and calculate their expected economic efficiency.
Initial data: standards for preparatory and final shift time (PT) - 20 minutes; for the maintenance of the workplace (ORM) - 5%; for rest and personal needs (OTL) - 8% of operational time (OP); shift duration T cm = 480 min; output per worker 60 thousand rubles. in year; number of workers - 30 people; planned profit - 15% of the sales volume; the share of semi-fixed costs in the cost of production - 30%.
Indices of working hours in column 4 of table 4.2 mean:
NTD - violation of labor discipline;
PZ - preparatory-final time;
OP - operational time;
ORM - workplace maintenance;
ETL - rest and personal needs;
POT - downtime for organizational and technical reasons.
Table 4.2
Observation sheet of an individual photo of the working day
| Name, working time component | Current time, h, min | Duration, min | Labor time index |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Start of observation | 8-00 | ||
| 1. Arrival at the workplace | 8-03 | 3 | NTD |
| 2. Getting the job and drawing | 8-10 | 7 | PZ |
| 3. Familiarization with the drawing | 8-12 | 2 | PZ |
| 4. Receipt of blanks and tools | 8-20 | 8 | PZ |
| 5. Tool installation | 8-23 | 3 | PZ |
| 6. Operational work | 9-03 | 40 | OP |
| 7. Tool change | 9-05 | 2 | ORM |
| 8. Inspection and lubrication of the machine | 9-12 | 7 | ORM |
| 9. Rest | 9-20 | 8 | EXL |
| 10. Operational work | 10-07 | 47 | OP |
| 11. Conversation with a colleague (personal) | 10-10 | 3 | NTD |
| 12. Personal Care | 10-18 | 8 | EXL |
| 13. Operational work | 11-10 | 52 | OP |
| 14. Simple (out of blanks) | 11-40 | 30 | SWEAT |
| 15. Conversation with the master (about work) | 11-45 | 5 | PZ |
| 16. Getting a new task | 11-55 | 10 | PZ |
| End of table 4.2 |
|||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| 17. Leaving for lunch | 12-00 | 5 | NTD |
| 18. Return from lunch | 13-02 | 2 | NTD |
| 19. Reinstalling the cutting tool | 13-05 | 3 | PZ |
| 20. Receipt of material | 13-10 | 5 | PZ |
| 21. Operational work | 14-15 | 65 | OP |
| 22. Rest | 14-20 | 5 | EXL |
| 23. Operational work | 15-06 | 46 | OP |
| 24. Downtime (machine failure) | 15-28 | 22 | SWEAT |
| 25. Operational work | 15-59 | 31 | OP |
| 26. Rest | 16-10 | 11 | EXL |
| 27. Operational work | 16-35 | 25 | OP |
| 28. Delivery of products to quality control department | 16-40 | 5 | PZ |
| 29. Workplace cleaning | 16-50 | 10 | ORM |
| 30. Cleaning tools in the cabinet | 16-54 | 4 | PZ |
| 31. Extraneous conversation and leaving work | 17-00 | 6 | NTD |
| total: | - | 480 | - |
A) the coefficient of use of working time according to the following formula: 
(4.42)
where EXL H- the standard time for rest and personal needs, in this example is 8% of T OP .
b) the coefficient of loss of working time for organizational and technical reasons: 
(4.43)
c) the coefficient of loss of working time due to violations of labor discipline 
(4.44)
where EXL f– actual time spent on rest and personal needs;
The calculation is verified by summing the obtained indicators:
(4.45)
3. Determine a possible increase in labor productivity, subject to a reduction in direct losses of working time (with partial - To With= 0.7 and full - To With = 1):
(4.46)
4. Draw up the standard balance of the working day:
A) standard operational time is determined by the formula: 
(4.47)
where 
b) the sum of all values of the standard time costs should be the duration of the work shift, in this case:
(PZ + OP + ORM n + EXC n) \u003d 480 min.
5. Fill in table 4.4 and compare the standard balance of the working day with the actual one, as a result, deviations of the actual time costs from the standard ones will be revealed.
Table 4.4
The results of the calculation of the normative and actual
work time balance
| Time spent index | Time spent, min. | Deviations, min. |
||
| normative | actual | surplus | flaw |
|
| 1. PZ | ||||
| 2. OP | ||||
| 3.ORM | ||||
| 4. EXC | ||||
| 5. POT | ||||
| 6. NTD | ||||
| TOTAL | 480 | 480 | ||
6. Calculate the maximum possible increase in labor productivity, provided that all losses and unnecessary costs of working time are eliminated according to the following formula: 
(4.48)
Task 2
It is required to determine the production rate of an apparatchik serving a continuous operation apparatus, if during an eight-hour shift the apparatus was in scheduled preventive maintenance for 1 hour, and for an hour of operation it produces 1.2 tons of products.
The rate of production of apparatchiks serving continuous devices is calculated by the formula: 
(4.49)
where T d- the duration of the period for which the production rate is determined (shift, day, month, hour); T etc- the duration of equipment downtime in scheduled preventive maintenance, Q- production output in natural meters for 1 hour.
Task 3
T w) in conditions of mass production, if the main processing time of the part is 30 minutes, the auxiliary time is 10 minutes, BUT org- 1.5%, A dep - 4%, A Fri - 2% of operational time; in those– 2% of the main time.
Task 4
Calculate the norm of piece time ( T w) in conditions of small-scale production, if the operational time for painting the unit is 10 minutes, the time for servicing the workplace, time for rest and personal needs, and breaks due to technology and organization of the production process, are respectively BUT obs – 3,5%; BUT otd– 3% and BUT Fri- 2.5% operational.
Task 5
At the electroplating section, a team of five electroplaters maintains three electrolyte baths. The operational time of the galvanic treatment of the product T op = 5 min, the number of products covered from a piece of equipment for 1 treatment cycle is 10 units, BUT obs- 3%, A pz - 2.5, BUT Fri – 2,5, BUT otd= 3.5% of operational time.
Determine the time limit per unit of output.
Task 6
In the conditions of a continuous production process, determine the production rate and the equipment productivity rate if: the duration of the calculation period is 8 hours; The coefficient taking into account equipment downtime in scheduled preventive maintenance is 0.89; service rate - 2 machines; hourly production - 11 units; theoretical productivity of one machine per shift - 84 units; useful time coefficient - 0.96; the coefficient taking into account the incomplete use of the technical capabilities of the equipment for reasons related to the technology and organization of production - 0.97.
Task 7
Determine the employment of a multi-machine worker when working on the same type of machines, operational time, cycle duration, service rate, piece time rate and shift production rate of a multi-machine worker.
In calculations, use the following data: time of machine-automatic work T ma- 14 min; auxiliary time overlapped by the main one, T vp- 1 minute; auxiliary time not overlapped by the main one, T vpn- 2 minutes; active surveillance time T a– 0.8 min; transition time T P
- 1.5 min; allowable employment ratio To dz = 0.9; BUT abs = 3,5%; BUT exc = 1,5%; T cm= 480 min.
Task 8
Determine the shift rate of output at T cm\u003d 480 min, if the operational time for processing the part T op \u003d 10 min, BUT abs = 3%; BUT exc = 3,5%; BUT Fri- 2% operational, and T pz \u003d 20 minutes per shift.
It is planned to increase the production rate by 20%.
Determine how the time rate will change.
The main types of labor standards, their scope
Intensity of labor, intensity of labor costs
Labor rationing methods
Introduction, replacement and revision of labor standards
Certification of the quality of existing labor standards
Labor rationing is the process of establishing the necessary labor costs and its results, the optimal number of employees of various categories and groups, their specific ratios in the total number of employees of an enterprise (organization), the necessary ratios between the number of employees and the number of pieces of equipment.
The significance of labor rationing is currently due to the fact that in market relations the economic position of each economic object and the competitiveness of the products (services) created by it are largely determined by the cost of labor resources - the most mobile production costs.
In the conditions of complete independence of enterprises (organizations), the role and responsibility of personnel services increases, the implementation of functions requires knowledge of the issues of regulation and organization of personnel work.
The initial basis for the regulation and organization of labor of the personnel of an enterprise (organization) are labor standards.
The main types and concepts of labor standards are regulated by labor legislation (Articles 102–104, 107 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).
The norm of time is the amount of working time spent (in man-minutes, man-hours) established for the performance of a unit of work (production) by one or a group of workers, in particular by a team of appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions.
The time limit can be set for any amount of work performed: a single operation, a set of operations, completed work, etc.
If the norm of time is calculated for a technological operation and refers to a unit of measure for the amount of work, then it is called piece rate of time and its structure is determined by the composition of all the costs of working time and the features of the normalized types of work (functions).
Thus, piece time when standardizing machine work includes the main (technological) time, auxiliary time for installing and removing a part, approaching and retracting a cutting tool, measurements, etc., time for technical and organizational maintenance, time for additional rest during tiring work and personal needs.
The level of automation and the nature of labor organization affect the structure of the unit time norm.
So, in the conditions of multi-machine maintenance, the piece time norm includes the time for transitions from machine to machine, the time of active observation, the time of intraoperative waiting (breaks regulated by the course of production).
The time for transitions is determined based on the layout of the workplace and the working route during the work cycle according to the relevant time standards.
The time of active observation is understood as part of the main (technological) time during which the worker observes the course of the technological process.
For the conditions of large-scale and medium-scale production, it is recommended to set the active observation time to be 5% of the main (technological) time: for automatic machines, semi-automatic machines, machine tools with numerical control, universal and multi-purpose machines, the active observation time is calculated taking into account the number of cutting tools and other factors.
In certain industries (construction, coal mining, etc.), time standards are established for a set of operations.
In construction, when rationing work on surface preparation for oil paint, consisting of puttying, priming, etc., the time norm is set for the entire complex of operations. When servicing individual machines, apparatuses, etc., the time limit is set for a complex of loading, unloading and other works.
The output rate is the established amount of work (the number of operations, units of production, products, etc.) that an employee or a group of employees (team) of appropriate qualifications is required to perform per unit of working time (hour, shift or other unit) in these organizational and technical conditions. Production rates are measured in physical units (pieces, tons, meters, etc.) and express the result of the worker's activity, being a criterion for assessing labor productivity. For example, the rate of output per shift is determined by dividing the duration of the work shift by the rate of operation time.
Between the rate of time for the operation and the rate of production there is an inverse relationship. So, if the rate of time for one piece of production is 1 hour, 1/2, 1/4, 1/10 hours, then the rate of production in 1 hour will be respectively equal to 1, 2, 4, 10 pieces.
With a decrease in the norm of time for performing an operation, the output rate in pieces increases, but not to the same extent: a decrease in the norm of time as a percentage is not equal to a percentage increase in the output norm.
With a decrease in the norm of time for a machine operation due to the introduction of new technology by 14%, the output rate will increase by 16.3% according to the calculation: (100 ґ 14): (100 - 14) \u003d 16.3%.
The service rate is the number of production facilities (jobs, pieces of equipment, production areas, etc.) that an employee or a group of employees (in particular, a team) of appropriate qualifications are required to service per unit of working time (during a shift, month or other unit) in given organizational and technical conditions.
Service standards are used to standardize the labor of multi-machine workers, as well as workers serving production: adjusters, repair personnel, transport workers, controllers, etc., when direct rationing based on time (production) standards is impossible due to the peculiarities of their labor organization, instability the composition and volume of work (functions) performed, the absence of their strict periodicity (regulation), natural meters, etc.
For a machine operator servicing metal-cutting equipment, a weaver, the norm of service is the number of machines serviced by them; for a worker cleaning industrial premises - the number of square meters of the area being cleaned, etc.
The headcount rate is the established number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform specific production or management functions or scope of work on given organizational and technical conditions.
The use of headcount norms makes it possible to make objective and rational decisions when planning the headcount of all categories of workers, its distribution by management levels and departments, as well as to establish optimal ratios between different qualification categories, assess the degree of labor intensity, improve and implement effective systems of motivation for labor activity.
At present, the wider application of the norms of ratios, norms of controllability (number of subordinates), normalized tasks is becoming relevant.
The ratio norm is a value that regulates the quantitative proportions between various categories and job groups of employees necessary for the high-quality performance of work (functions).
At the enterprise (in the organization), the ratio of the headcount between managers, specialists and technical performers is 0.1: 0.6: 0.3, i.e. in the structure of the staff of employees, the share of managers is 10%, specialists - 60%, technical performers - thirty %. Thus, for each manager, an average for the enterprise (organization) should be six specialists and three technical performers.
The controllability norm (number of subordinates) is the number of employees subordinate to one manager.
Normalized tasks - the composition and volume of work established by labor rationing methods that an employee (or group of employees) must perform for a certain period of time in compliance with established requirements for the quality of products (works) with time wages.
Standardized tasks are the basis for the development of individual or collective production tasks and the introduction of effective systems for motivating the work of time workers.
Normalized tasks have received the greatest use in production maintenance work (adjustment, overhaul maintenance, transport work, etc.) and in the main production areas with strict regulation of product output and limited opportunities for overfulfilling the task (conveyor and production lines, instrumentation production), as well as in conditions for the presentation of special requirements for compliance with the designed technological processes and product quality.
For workers employed in general factory laboratories, in the areas of output control that reproduce documentation, etc., the normalized tasks are calculated based on the norm of time required to carry out a unit of work - a laboratory analysis, a unit of a document, etc.
Normalized tasks can be set for technical performers and specialists (designers, technologists, engineers for the organization and regulation of labor, as well as those engaged in repair and energy maintenance of production, etc.), whose employment is dominated by repetitive work, and the proportion of operational work does not exceed 20 % of working time budget.
The expediency and possibility of establishing normalized tasks are determined as a result of an analysis of the content of labor functions, the degree of their repetition and other factors.
Normalized tasks, regulating the composition, sequence and frequency of work, specify the standards of service and number, determine the required result of labor.
The formation, establishment and application of normalized tasks are significantly influenced both by the specifics of the work of time workers and employees, and by industry-specific features of production.
The use of normalized tasks allows to increase the efficiency of the work of employees due to the specification and rational distribution of work between them, as well as to more objectively assess the effectiveness of each work, which in turn increases the employee's interest in performing more work, combining professions and positions with appropriate labor motivation. Thus, both employees and employers are interested in establishing reasonable standardized tasks.
In conditions of collective organization and remuneration of labor, the application of complex labor standards is necessary.
The complex rate is the rate of labor costs for the team to perform a set of works for the manufacture of a unit of output, taken as the final measure of collective labor.
In mechanical engineering, a brigade-set is taken as a unit of final product, which includes products, assemblies, parts and operations assigned to the brigade in accordance with the profile of its work.
The complex norm is calculated on the basis of operational norms (norms of time, production, etc.). When determining it, the effect of team work, obtained due to the advantages of the collective form of labor organization, should be taken into account. This refers to the growth of labor productivity due to the combination of professions (functions), the interaction and interchangeability of workers in the process of collective labor, the transfer of shifts “on the go”, etc.
Comprehensive and operational labor standards are used to calculate the number and placement of team workers, rational division and cooperation of their labor functions, determine the collective (general team) earnings and evaluate the labor contribution of each team member to the final results of work.
Before the transition period in the economy, for homogeneous work performed at most enterprises, or for work specific to a particular industry (for example, in construction), uniform time standards were developed and were mandatory for application.
Uniform norms are the regulated time spent on the execution of a unit of work or the production of a unit of finished products (semi-finished products, parts), using the same or similar technology in similar organizational and technical conditions.
Standard norms are regulated amounts of time spent on work performed according to standard technology, taking into account rational (for a given production) organizational and technical conditions. It is expedient to use them in industry, mainly in machine-building workshops of enterprises of small-scale and single production, as well as in the processing of normalized and typical parts in mass production.
Uniform and standard norms, developed centrally, are currently advisory in nature.
Depending on the period of validity, conditionally permanent, temporary, one-time and seasonal labor standards are distinguished.
Conditionally permanent norms are established without specifying the period of their validity and are applied until they are revised or replaced in connection with a change in the conditions for which they are designed.
Temporary norms are calculated for a certain period corresponding to the period of development of new products, equipment, technology, organization of production and labor. As a rule, the period is set to three months. In some cases, it can be extended in agreement with the employer and the trade union body as a representative of employees. After a specified period, the norms are revised.
One-time norms are established for individual unscheduled (emergency, accidental, etc.) or work not provided for by the technology. They are valid during the period of performance of the specified work, if conditionally permanent or temporary labor standards are not introduced.
Seasonal norms are applied in seasonal industries, for example, in agriculture, peat extraction, etc., and are valid for a fixed period.
According to the method of establishing and justification, labor standards are divided into experimental-statistical, technically and comprehensively justified.
Experimental statistical norms are labor norms developed on the basis of statistical data on average actual output, for example, in a workshop, and wages for the past period using the total method, as well as based on the experience of standard setters, foremen, etc. They do not adequately reflect the organizational and technical the possibilities of this production, the achieved level of labor productivity, the personal reserves of workers, in connection with which, as far as possible, they should be replaced by more reasonable labor standards.
Technically sound standards are labor standards established by analytical methods of rationing and focused on the most efficient use of all production reserves, working hours in terms of duration and level of labor intensity, pace of work, etc. The main advantage of these standards is that they allow you to identify and use reserves in relation to the necessary labor costs.
Required time - the cost of working time, which are determined by the organizational, technical and other conditions achieved at the enterprise. Such conditions should be considered the technical equipment of labor (the degree of progressiveness of equipment, technical and organizational equipment, etc.), the organization of production and labor, the composition of the labor force (qualification, age, etc.).
At the same time, the required time is a variable value, since with a change in any of the above conditions, its absolute value changes.
The ratio between the required time and the established, necessary and actual time is recommended to be used in assessing the quality of labor standards, in particular the level of their intensity.
A comprehensively justified norm is a labor norm established by rationing methods, taking into account all influencing factors: technical and organizational, psycho-physiological and sanitary-hygienic, social and legal, economic in general.
The essence of the process of complex substantiation of labor standards is the simultaneous optimization of labor costs and the characteristics of normalized labor and technological processes.
In the context of the development of market relations between the employer and the employee, the legal and social substantiation of optimal and equally stressful labor standards is of particular importance.
Legal support of the established norms of labor costs of personnel in an enterprise (in an organization), as a rule, is determined by the relevant legislative acts on labor. So, the main positions on labor rationing are currently reflected in Ch. VII Labor Code of the Russian Federation.
Social factors, as you know, are characterized by the professional and qualification level of personnel, the attitude of employees to work and working conditions, including the degree of safety, work and rest regimes, the socio-psychological climate in the team, the current compensation for hard and hard work, working conditions in the workplace, etc.
With the relationship of the parties “employer – employee”, it is objectively necessary to substantiate labor standards in terms of assessing the intensity of labor and establishing equally stressed labor standards.
Labor intensity indicators are temporal characteristics:
- the use of working time (the degree of employment of the employee during working hours by active work);
- the pace of work, i.e. the speed of performing labor operations or elements of the labor process per unit of time;
- the severity of labor, determined by a set of indicators characterizing psychophysiological, sanitary and hygienic and other working conditions;
- "work zones" of workers, i.e. the number of simultaneously serviced production facilities, combined professions and functions, etc. These indicators are recommended in the practice of standardizing labor processes for various groups and categories of workers, taking into account the characteristics and specifics of the tasks being solved.
The intensity of labor in its normalization can be carried out by comparing the actual and optimal intensity of labor in specific production conditions, comparing the intensity of the performance of work (functions) by certain workers depending on the profession, qualifications, conditions and organization of work, gender and age, and other economic indicators.
In general, the intensity of labor is a socio-economic category, which is confirmed by labor legislation.
The problem of labor intensity is directly related to the justification of labor cost norms established and introduced into production, the degree of their intensity.
The tension of the labor norm is a relative value, since the absolute value of the cost of working time in itself cannot characterize the level of tension of the labor norm.
The criterion for the intensity of the labor norm is the necessary time to perform specific work in specific organizational and technical conditions; tension indicator - the ratio of the required time to the established norm or actual time spent.
The ratios between the required time and the set time, as well as between the necessary and the actual time, make it possible to determine the possible level of fulfillment of optimally intense labor standards. Thus, the level of fulfillment of the norms is directly proportional to the ratio between the necessary and actual time and inversely proportional to the ratio between the necessary time and the established norm, i.e., the level of intensity of the norms.
To establish labor standards of optimal intensity, unity of methods for rationing the costs of working time, normative materials on labor is required; implementation of complex design of technology, organization of production and labor; sufficient qualifications of labor specialists, the material interest of workers of all categories in the high quality of the norms and their equal intensity.
The labor rationing method is a set of methods for establishing labor cost standards that involve research, design and calculation of the time required to perform certain work in specific organizational and technical conditions by one or a group of employees of appropriate qualifications.
The choice of method is determined by the nature of the normalized work and the conditions for their implementation. There are experimental-statistical and analytical methods of labor rationing.
The experimental-statistical method involves the use of the experience of a rater, foreman, mechanic, etc., or statistical data on the performance of similar work, the results of summary observations of the use of working time, etc. The method is the least laborious, but does not provide the required accuracy and validity of the established labor standards.
Analytical methods (research and calculation) make it possible to establish labor standards that contribute to an increase in labor productivity, the effective solution of economic problems, etc.
At analytical research method the initial information for setting standards is based on the results of a study of labor and production processes by taking photographs of working time, momentary observations, timing, photo timing.
Varieties pictures of working time are individual, group (team) photography of the working time of a multi-machine operator, the production process, etc. The main stages of their implementation are: preparatory, direct observation, processing and analysis of research results, formulation of specific results in accordance with the task of observation.
Gets more and more favor momentary method: the study of the cost of working time (the use of equipment in time) through observations carried out at random times with fixing the number of cases of repetition of certain costs. It is advisable to use the method when rationing work (functions) in operations, the execution time of which is difficult to measure using timing, to develop time standards for preparatory and final work and fatal losses (production and technological, etc.).
The conditions for ensuring the reliability of the results of observations are suddenness, randomness of fixed types of work time costs, a sufficiently long period of a series of observations to record all elements of work, categories of work time costs, as well as the brevity of each observation (coverage of one element under study).
The method allows you to register and take into account during the observation period the same-name costs of the working time of a group of performers or the time of work and breaks of a different number of equipment and, on this basis, determine the specific weights and absolute values of the studied and projected time costs. When processing research materials, the number of observation points for each type of work time expenditure, the total amount are calculated, and the share (percentage) of each type of labor cost in the overall balance of work time is determined.
Timing is a type of observation, during which cyclically repeating elements of operational work, operations, as well as elements of operational, preparatory and final maintenance of the workplace are studied. In chronometric observations, an important point is the assessment of the pace of work (indicator of labor intensity).
The normal pace of work should ensure the minimum production costs in order to achieve maximum profit and at the same time provide a physiological norm that is favorable for the health and performance of the performer. The normal pace of work is laid down in the domestic basic system of microelement standards and can be recommended for use in normative research work on labor, including when conducting chronometric observations.
Processing of the results of observations should include the analysis of chronoseries (fixed time values) by assessing their stability coefficients in relation to standard values, establishing the time of the average duration of each element of the normalized process.
Photochronometry is a type of observation in which timekeeping is carried out simultaneously with a photograph of working time during its individual periods. It is advisable to use it when studying the cost of working time for individual elements of work that are not repeated cyclically during the working day.
In the practice of labor work, individual and group photochronometry is used. It is recommended to conduct a group one when establishing, for example, the composition and size of the brigade, determining service standards, etc.
At analytical and calculation method labor standards are calculated on the basis of normative materials. The method provides the necessary validity of the standards, lower costs compared to the research method and allows you to set standards before the start of production of new products (products), which reduces the validity of temporary standards.
Labor standards are regulated values of equipment operating modes, labor costs and work break times. The development of standards is based on the typification of labor processes, jobs, the selection of employees of appropriate qualifications and the level of compliance with the standards, etc.
Standards for operating modes of equipment are the parameters on the basis of which the most rational modes of the technological process are established to ensure the specified performance of the equipment.
Labor cost standards are divided into time standards and headcount standards.
Time standards are regulated amounts of time spent on the implementation of the labor process and its elements, as well as operational time, main and auxiliary, time for servicing the workplace, preparatory and final time, part-time piece time.
Headcount standards - this is the regulated number of employees of a certain professional and qualification composition, necessary to perform a unit or total amount of work.
The norms for breaks in work are the regulated amounts of time for rest and personal needs, as well as breaks provided for by the requirements of technology and the organization of production.
Of practical importance is the understanding of the fundamental differences between labor standards and normative materials on labor. Thus, labor standards are fixed in relation to specific conditions for the implementation of a normalized process for certain values of factors. Labor standards are established for various types of standardized or average organizational and technical conditions. The labor rate is a function of standard values, is set for a specific job and is reviewed systematically. Labor standards are repeatedly used to calculate labor standards and are valid for a long time without revision, since changes in organizational, technical and other conditions for the totality of work occur more slowly than at specific workplaces.
In connection with the growing economic importance of labor norms and standards, the requirements for the level of their progressiveness, variability (universality) of organizational and technical conditions and the certainty of the regulated values of labor costs in relation to these conditions, accessibility and ease of use when calculating labor standards, etc. These requirements must be taken into account when developing labor standards, which is currently the right of the enterprise.
When developing normative materials on labor directly at the enterprise in relation to specific organizational and technical conditions and the composition of employees, it is recommended to use the existing methodological provisions, as well as various types of labor standards (by type of cost, degree of differentiation, scope, etc.). At the same time, one should take into account the features of modern conditions and management methods, economic and social problems associated with the use of enterprise resources, including labor, as well as the possibility of independently developing labor standards.
In modern conditions, promising areas are:
- expanding the use of analytical methods for measuring the measure of labor;
– study and design of labor cost norms based on the wider use of modern technology, computing tools and mathematical methods for processing research results with the correction of models for calculating the basic system of microelement time standards (BSM);
– improvement of analytical methods using a system of comprehensive justification of labor standards, etc.
Thus, the use of BSM ensures equal intensity of the established labor standards, which is very important in modern conditions. The creation of enlarged standards based on BSM will increase the level of their progressiveness and accuracy, as well as significantly reduce the complexity and time of their development. The BMS system should be widely used in the organization of work on labor rationing. In addition, the BSM system contains normative tables, as well as formulas for the dependence of the execution time of microelements on influencing factors, which are intended for calculating labor standards on a computer.
Labor legislation (Articles 102–104 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation) regulates the procedures for introducing, replacing and revising labor standards.
The procedure for the introduction of labor standards provides for a preliminary notification of employees, the creation of organizational, technical and other working conditions at workplaces in accordance with the requirements projected in the norms, as well as training employees in methods and techniques for performing work (functions) that ensure the optimal level of labor intensity and intensity of the introduced norms.
The replacement and revision of labor standards is a necessary and natural process that requires an appropriate organization of control at the level of the enterprise and its divisions. This is explained by the desire of the employer to increase the efficiency of using the labor potential of employees, to find reserves, to take into account any opportunities to increase profits.
Factors of replacement and revision of standards are associated with changes in organizational, technical, sanitary and hygienic and other conditions of production, the growth of qualifications and professional skills of workers, the presence of outdated and erroneously established labor standards.
Obsolete norms are the norms of output, time, service, number of jobs, the labor intensity of which has decreased as a result of a general improvement in the organization of production and labor, an increase in production volumes, an increase in professional skills and an improvement in the production skills of workers.
In such cases, labor standards are reviewed within the timeframe and in the amount established by the head of the enterprise in agreement with the elected trade union body in accordance with the calendar plan for the replacement and revision of standards.
Erroneously established norms are labor standards, in the establishment of which organizational, technical and other conditions are incorrectly taken into account or inaccuracies are made in the application of labor standards and calculations. When the error is eliminated, the norm can be revised in the direction of both decrease and increase. Erroneous norms are reviewed as they are identified in agreement with the trade union body.
Norms are subject to obligatory replacement with new as organizational, technical and other measures are introduced into production that provide a significant increase in labor productivity. These activities include:
– commissioning of new and modernization of existing equipment;
- the introduction of more advanced technology, improved technical, organizational equipment, tools;
– mechanization and automation of production processes;
- improving the organization of jobs, their rationalization;
– introduction of progressive labor standards, etc.
In part 3 of Art. 102 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation legally defines the grounds and conditions for the replacement of labor standards as certification and rationalization of jobs.
The revision of labor standards is carried out in those cases when there is a noticeable decrease in the labor intensity of performing the corresponding operation (at least 3-5%) as a result of improved organization of workplaces due to the introduction in the previous period of one or more activities that are not related to a specific workplace and did not cause a significant increase in labor productivity at a particular workplace.
Such measures include: improving the maintenance of workplaces, training workers in advanced labor methods and techniques, a significant improvement in working conditions, the growth of professional skills, etc.
In order to reduce labor costs and ensure the progressiveness of the current standards at the enterprise, a calendar plan for replacing and revising labor standards is being developed before the beginning of the year based on a plan for technical development and organization of production and other measures that ensure the growth of labor productivity (reducing the labor intensity of products) during the certification of workplaces - taking into account its results and assessment of the quality of existing labor standards. The draft plan should be submitted for discussion by the labor collective and, taking into account the recommendations, approved by the employer (representative of the administration) in agreement with the trade union body.
The replacement and revision of uniform and standard (intersectoral, sectoral, departmental) norms is carried out by the bodies that approved them, in accordance with generally accepted provisions.
The basis for changing the normalized task is the replacement and revision of the norms and standards on the basis of which it was established. Due to the fact that the replacement and revision of labor standards are carried out in agreement with the elected trade union body, a change in the normalized task does not require additional approval. However, employees should be warned about their change before the introduction of new standards, on the basis of which standardized tasks have been developed.
In accordance with the current regulations, the certification of the workplace involves assessing the quality of all labor standards in force at the enterprise as one of the most important characteristics of the organizational and technical conditions of production and labor. Technically and comprehensively substantiated labor standards are recognized as certified, corresponding to the achieved level of engineering and technology, organization of production and labor. Outdated and erroneous norms are recognized as uncertified.
The quality of existing labor standards is determined by a number of features and, ultimately, by the level of their compliance with the necessary costs of working time and the level of their intensity.
In the practice of normative research work on labor, two directions for assessing the quality of existing labor standards are used.
The first direction is the assessment of the current labor standards based on the analysis of statistical and reporting data using the methods of mathematical statistics. The following are used as the main indicators: the proportion of technically (comprehensively) justified labor standards; the average percentage of compliance with the norms; distribution of employees according to the level of compliance with the standards.
Each of these indicators requires the use of additional criteria, which must be taken into account when assessing the quality of existing regulations. Thus, the indicator of the proportion of justified norms gives an idea of the methods of their establishment, but does not allow us to judge the degree of their intensity. Therefore, it is advisable to simultaneously compare the average percentage of compliance with the norms. The level of fulfillment of the norms by individual workers, as a rule, is determined by the influence of two factors: individual labor productivity and the level of intensity of the norms. In accordance with this, the distribution according to the level of fulfillment of the norms and the fluctuations in the average percentage of the fulfillment of the norms depend on the difference in the intensity of the norms and the relative productivity of labor.
More objective conclusions about the quality of existing norms can be drawn by random check of norms. It provides for the study of the labor process and organizational and technical conditions at a specific workplace when performing a specific job, operation, function based on observations (photographs of working time, timing, etc.), comparing actual conditions and labor costs with the provided technology and labor standards .
In the course of the analysis of existing labor standards, the causes of differences in the level of their tension, inconsistency with the necessary time costs, shortcomings in the organizational, technical and other conditions for the performance of normalized work, etc. are established, specific measures are developed to eliminate them, and decisions are made to replace or revise them.
When analyzing the quality of the norms that are in force in the collective (brigade) form of organization and remuneration, it is advisable, based on the results of group or team photographs of the working day, to study the structure of working time costs, the employment of workers in operational work, to assess the possibilities of redistributing functions between members of the brigade, their better placement.
All operating norms are subject to analysis, on the basis of which the complex norm of the brigade is calculated. In the process of analyzing the complex norm, it is necessary to check the correctness of its calculation, taking into account the advantages of the collective (brigade) form of labor organization.
The organization of certification of labor standards should be carried out within the framework of a general set of planned and organizational and technical measures carried out at the enterprise during the year, analysis of the results of economic activity for a certain period, setting goals for the further development of technology, technology, organization of production, labor and management in accordance with the requirements scientific and technical process, etc.
The certification procedure should be determined by the head of the enterprise (administration) together with the elected trade union body with the participation of all functional and structural divisions, which are designed to ensure the achievement of relevant indicators, the introduction of the necessary organizational, technical and other measures. Workers of all categories should be involved in the work, since they are economically and socially interested in the result of assessing existing and establishing optimal and equally stressful labor standards.
The procedure for attestation and rationalization of jobs, their accounting and planning, as well as the system of evaluation indicators and their standard values are generally defined in the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of August 15, 1985 No. 783 “On the widespread certification of jobs and their rationalization in industry and other sectors of the national economy” and specified in the Standard Regulations on Certification, Rationalization, Accounting and Planning of Jobs (approved by the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Labor, the USSR State Planning Committee, the State Committee for Science and Technology, the USSR State Construction Committee, the State Standard, the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions dated February 14, 1986 No. 588-BG ).
The specified Regulation can serve as a methodological basis for organizing work on the assessment of existing labor standards at an enterprise (in an organization).
Normative base
Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Art. 102–104, 107
Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions of August 15, 1985 No. 783 “On the widespread certification of jobs and their rationalization in industry and other sectors of the national economy”
Standard provision on certification, rationalization, accounting and planning of jobs, approved. Decree of the State Committee for Labor of the USSR, the State Planning Committee of the USSR, the State Committee for Science and Technology, the State Committee for Construction of the USSR, the State Standard, the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions dated February 14, 1986 No. 588-BG