A social institution in the sociological interpretation is considered as historically established, stable forms of organizing the joint activities of people; in more narrow sense is an organized system of social ties and norms designed to meet the basic needs of society, social groups and individuals.

Social institutions(insitutum - institution) - value-normative complexes(values, rules, norms, attitudes, patterns, standards of behavior in certain situations), as well as bodies and organizations that ensure their implementation and approval in the life of society.

All elements of society are interconnected public relations- connections that arise between social groups and within them in the process of material (economic) and spiritual (political, legal, cultural).

In the process, some connections may die, some may appear. Relationships that have proven to be beneficial to society are streamlined, become universally valid patterns, and are then repeated from generation to generation. The more stable these ties that are useful for society, the more stable the society itself.

Social institutions (from lat. institutum - device) are called elements of society, representing stable forms of organization and regulation of public life. Such institutions of society as the state, education, family, etc., streamline social relations, regulate the activities of people and their behavior in society.

Main goal social institutions - the achievement of stability in the course of the development of society. For this purpose, there are functions institutions:

• meeting the needs of society;
• regulation of social processes (during which these needs are usually satisfied).

Needs that are satisfied by social institutions are diverse. For example, society's need for security can be supported by the institution of defense, spiritual needs by the church, and the need for knowledge of the surrounding world by science. Each institution can satisfy several needs (the church is able to satisfy its own religious, moral, cultural needs), and the same need can be satisfied by different institutions (spiritual needs can be satisfied by art, science, religion, etc.).

The process of satisfaction of needs (say, the consumption of goods) can be institutionally regulated. For example, there are legal restrictions on the purchase of a number of goods (weapons, alcohol, tobacco). The process of meeting the needs of society in education is regulated by the institutions of primary, secondary, higher education.

The structure of a social institution form:

• and designed to meet the needs of groups, individuals;
• a set of social values ​​and patterns of behavior that ensure the satisfaction of needs;
• a system of symbols that regulate relations in the economic sphere of activity (trademark, flag, brand, etc.);
• ideological substantiation of the activities of a social institution;
• social resources used in the activities of the institute.

To signs of a social institution relate:

• a set of institutions, social groups, the purpose of which is to satisfy certain needs of society;
• a system of cultural patterns, norms, values, symbols;
• a system of behavior in accordance with these norms and patterns;
• material and human resources necessary to solve problems;
• publicly recognized mission, goal, ideology.

Consider the characteristics of the institution on the example of secondary vocational education. It includes:

• teachers, officials, administration of educational institutions, etc.;
• norms of student behavior, society's attitude to the system of vocational education;
• the established practice of relations between teachers and students;
• buildings, classrooms, teaching aids;
• mission - to meet the needs of society in good specialists with secondary vocational education.

In accordance with the spheres of public life, four main groups of institutions can be distinguished:

• economic institutions- division of labor, stock exchange, etc.;
• political institutions- state, army, militia, police, parliamentarism, presidency, monarchy, court, parties, civil society;
• institutions of stratification and kinship- class, estate, caste, gender discrimination, racial segregation, nobility, social security, family, marriage, fatherhood, motherhood, adoption, twinning;
• cultural institutions- school, high school, secondary professional education, theaters, museums, clubs, libraries, church, monasticism, confession.

The number of social institutions is not limited to the above list. The institutions are numerous and varied in their forms and manifestations. Large institutions may include institutions of a lower level. For example, the institute of education includes the institutes of elementary, vocational and higher education; court - the institutions of advocacy, prosecutor's office, refereeing; family - institutions of motherhood, adoption, etc.

Since society is a dynamic system, some institutions may disappear (for example, the institution of slavery), while others may appear (the institution of advertising or the institution of civil society). The formation of a social institution is called the process of institutionalization.

institutionalization- the process of streamlining social relations, the formation of stable patterns of social interaction based on clear rules, laws, patterns and rituals. For example, the process of institutionalization of science is the transformation of science from the activity of individuals into an ordered system of relations, including a system of titles, academic degrees, research institutes, academies, etc.

Basic social institutions

To main social institutions traditionally include family, state, education, church, science, law. Below is a brief description of these institutions and their main functions.

- the most important social institution of kinship, connecting individuals with a common life and mutual moral responsibility. The family performs a number of functions: economic (housekeeping), reproductive (childbirth), educational (transfer of values, norms, samples), etc.

- the main political institution that manages society and ensures its security. The state performs internal functions, including economic (regulation of the economy), stabilization (maintaining stability in society), coordination (ensuring public harmony), ensuring the protection of the population (protection of rights, legality, social security) and many others. There are also external functions: defense (in case of war) and international cooperation (to protect the country's interests in the international arena).

- a social institution of culture that ensures the reproduction and development of society through the organized transfer of social experience in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities. The main functions of education include adaptation (preparation for life and work in society), professional (training of specialists), civil (training of a citizen), general cultural (introduction to cultural values), humanistic (disclosure of personal potential), etc.

Church- a religious institution formed on the basis of a single religion. Church members share common norms, dogmas, rules of conduct and are divided into priesthood and laity. The Church performs the following functions: ideological (defines views on the world), compensatory (offers consolation and reconciliation), integrating (unites believers), general cultural (attaches to cultural values), and so on.

- a special socio-cultural institution for the production of objective knowledge. Among the functions of science are cognitive (contributes to the knowledge of the world), explanatory (interprets knowledge), ideological (defines views on the world), prognostic (builds forecasts), social (changes society) and productive (defines the production process).

- a social institution, a system of generally binding norms and relations protected by the state. The state, with the help of law, regulates the behavior of people and social groups, fixing certain relations as mandatory. The main functions of law are: regulatory (regulates social relations) and protective (protects those relations that are useful for society as a whole).

All the elements of social institutions discussed above are covered from the point of view of social institutions, but other approaches to them are also possible. For example, science can be considered not only as a social institution, but also as a special form of cognitive activity or as a system of knowledge; The family is not only an institution, but also a small social group.

Types of social institutions

Activity social institution is determined by:

• firstly, a set of specific norms and regulations governing the relevant types of behavior;
• secondly, the integration of a social institution into the socio-political, ideological and value structures of society;
• thirdly, the availability of material resources and conditions that ensure the successful implementation of regulatory requirements and implementation.

The most important social institutions are:

• state and family;
• economics and politics;
• media and;
• law and education.

Social institutions contribute to the consolidation and reproduction certain things that are especially important for society social relations, as well as system sustainability in all the main spheres of its life - economic, political, spiritual and social.

Types of social institutions depending on their field of activity:

• relational;
• regulatory.

relational institutions (for example, insurance, labor, production) determine the role structure of society based on a certain set of features. The objects of these social institutions are role groups (insurers and insurers, manufacturers and employees, etc.).

Regulatory institutions define the boundaries of the independence of the individual (se independent actions) to achieve their own goals. This group includes institutions of the state, government, social protection, business, health care.

In the process of development, the social institution of the economy changes its form and can belong to the group of either endogenous or exogenous institutions.

Endogenous(or internal) social institutions characterize the state of moral obsolescence of the institution, requiring its reorganization or in-depth specialization of activities, for example, institutions of credit, money, which become obsolete over time and need to introduce new forms of development.

exogenous institutions reflect the impact on the social institution of external factors, elements of culture or the nature of the personality of the head (leader) of the organization, for example, changes occurring in the social institution of taxes under the influence of the level of tax culture of taxpayers, the level of business and professional culture of the leaders of this social institution.

Functions of social institutions

The purpose of social institutions is to to meet the most important needs and interests of society.

The economic needs in society are simultaneously satisfied by several social institutions, and each institution, through its activities, satisfies a variety of needs, among which stand out vital(physiological, material) and social(personal needs for work, self-realization, creative activity and social justice). A special place among social needs is occupied by the need of the individual to achieve - an attainable need. It is based on McLelland's concept, according to which each individual shows a desire to express, to manifest himself in specific social conditions.

In the course of their activities, social institutions perform both general and individual functions corresponding to the specifics of the institute.

General Features:

• Fixation and reproduction function public relations. Any institution consolidates, standardizes the behavior of members of society through its rules, norms of behavior.
• Regulatory function ensures the regulation of relationships between members of society by developing patterns of behavior, regulation of their actions.
• Integrative function includes the process of interdependence and mutual responsibility of members of social groups.
• Broadcasting function(socialization). Its content is the transfer of social experience, familiarization with the values, norms, roles of this society.

Individual functions:

• The social institution of marriage and the family implements the function of reproducing members of society together with the relevant departments of the state and private enterprises (antenatal clinics, maternity hospitals, a network of children's medical institutions, family support and strengthening agencies, etc.).
• The social institution of health is responsible for maintaining the health of the population (polyclinics, hospitals and other medical institutions, as well as state bodies organizing the process of maintaining and strengthening health).
• A social institution for the production of means of subsistence, which performs the most important creative function.
• Political institutions in charge of organizing political life.
• The social institution of law, which performs the function of developing legal documents and is in charge of compliance with laws and legal norms.
• Social institution of education and norms with the corresponding function of education, socialization of members of society, familiarization with its values, norms, laws.
• A social institution of religion that helps people in solving spiritual problems.

Social institutions realize all their positive qualities only under the condition their legitimacy, i.e. recognition of the expediency of their actions by the majority of the population. Sharp shifts in class consciousness, reassessment of fundamental values ​​can seriously undermine the population's trust in the existing governing and managing bodies, disrupt the mechanism of regulatory influence on people.

In this case, instability increases sharply in society, the threat of chaos, entropy, the consequences of which can become catastrophic. So, intensified in the second half of the 80s. 20th century in the USSR, the erosion of socialist ideals, the reorientation of mass consciousness towards the ideology of individualism, seriously undermined the confidence of the Soviet people in the old public institutions. The latter failed to fulfill their stabilizing role and collapsed.

The inability of the leadership of Soviet society to bring the main structures in line with the updated system of values ​​predetermined the collapse of the USSR and the subsequent instability of Russian society, i.e., the stability of society is ensured only by those structures that enjoy the trust and support of its members.

In the course of development from the main social institutions can separate new institutional formations. Thus, at a certain stage, the institute of higher education is singled out from the social institution of education. From the public legal system, the Constitutional Court was created as an independent institution. Such differentiation is one of the most important signs of the development of society.

Social institutions can be called the central components of the structure of society, integrating and coordinating the many individual actions of people. The system of social institutions, relations between them is the framework that serves as the basis for the formation of society, with all the ensuing consequences. What are the foundation, construction, bearing components of society, such are its strength, fundamentality, solidity, stability.

The process of streamlining, formalization, standardization of social relations within the framework of the old structure and the creation of new social institutions is called institutionalization. The higher its level, the better the life of society.

Economy as a social institution

AT group fundamental economic social institutions includes: property, market, money, exchange, banks, finance, various types of economic associations, which together form a complex system of production relations, connecting economic life with other areas of social life.

Thanks to the development of social institutions, the entire system of economic relations and society as a whole functions, the socialization of the individual in the social and labor sphere is carried out, and the norms of economic behavior and moral values ​​are transferred.

Let us single out four features common to all social institutions in the field of economics and finance:

• interaction between participants in social ties and relationships;
• the availability of trained professional personnel to ensure the activities of institutions;
• determination of the rights, duties and functions of each participant in social interaction in economic life;
• regulation and control of the effectiveness of the interaction process in the economy.

The development of the economy as a social institution is subject not only to economic laws, but also to sociological ones. The functioning of this institution, its integrity as a system is ensured by various social institutions and social organizations that monitor the work of social institutions in the field of economics and finance, and control the behavior of their members.

The basic institutions with which the economy interacts are politics, education, family, law, etc.

Activities and functions of the economy as a social institution

The main functions of the economy as a social institution are:

• coordination of social interests of economic entities, producers and consumers;
• meeting the needs of the individual, social groups, strata and organizations;
• strengthening social ties within the economic system, as well as with external social organizations and institutions;
• maintaining order and preventing uncontrolled competition between business entities in the process of satisfying needs.

The main goal of the social institution is achieving and maintaining stability.

The stability of the economy as a social institution is primarily due to such objective factors as territorial and climatic conditions, the availability of human resources, the level of development of material production, the state of the real sector of the economy, social structure society, legal conditions and legislative framework for the functioning of the economy.

Economics and politics are most often considered as social institutions that have the greatest impact on the development of society and its stability as a social system.

As a social institution, it creates a material basis for the development of social relations, because an unstable and poor society is not able to support the normal reproduction of the population, the intellectual and educational base for the development of the system. All social institutions are connected with the institution of the economy, dependent on it, and by their condition largely determine the prospects for the development of Russian society, being powerful stimulators of its economic progress and the development of the political system.

How a social institution creates laws and implements power functions, which makes it possible to finance the development of priority areas of society's life as industries. As Russian social practice has convincingly shown, in the context of the transition to market relations, the influence of such social institutions as culture and education, which are directly involved in the creation and spiritual capital of the state, sharply increases.

Introduction

In modern conditions of social change, there is a rethinking of the role of culture, renewal of its forms and functions. On the one hand, culture still reproduces traditional attitudes and patterns of behavior that largely determine the behavior and thinking of people. On the other hand, modern media forms (television, cinema, print, advertising) are widely spread, which enhances the formation of ideological and moral stereotypes of mass culture, modern lifestyle.

In this context, the defining role of culture in the overall process of Russia's modernization is to shape the personality as an active subject of economic life and social self-organization. All projects of socio-economic development should include a humanitarian component, promote the development of spiritual strength and human health, and awareness of the high meaning of their existence.

In 1928, the TsPKiO was founded in Moscow, thus, the foundation was laid for the creation of new cultural institutions - parks of Culture and Recreation. After the Second World War, PKiO, like other cultural institutions, significantly expanded the scope of their activities, increasingly being involved in holding mass holidays.

In modern conditions, the role of parks as a traditional democratic place for mass recreation will increase. For many residents of the city, recreation in the parks often becomes the only available opportunity to spend time in nature and take part in mass entertainment. To improve the activities of parks of culture and recreation, it is necessary to carry out a phased modernization of the outdated park facilities, equipping them with modern amusement equipment, connecting all engineering networks to communications. In the new conditions, the traditional activities of parks should be reconsidered.

The purpose of this work is to consider parks as socio-cultural institutions.

The following tasks follow from this goal:

1. consider the essence and typology of socio-cultural institutions;

2. consider the socio-cultural activities of national and natural parks;

3. consider the activities of parks of culture and recreation;

4. draw conclusions on the research topic.

The object of the research is socio-cultural institutions. The subject of research is the activity of parks.

Socio-cultural institutions - concept and typology

The essence of socio-cultural institutions

Socio-cultural institutions - one of the key concepts of socio-cultural activities (SKD). In the broadest sense, it extends to the spheres of social and socio-cultural practice, and also applies to any of the many subjects interacting with each other in the socio-cultural sphere.

Socio-cultural institutions are characterized by a certain direction of their social practice and social relations, a characteristic mutually agreed system of expediently oriented standards of activity, communication and behavior. Their emergence and grouping into a system depend on the content of the tasks solved by each individual socio-cultural institution.

Among economic, political, household and other social institutions differing from each other in the content of activity and functional qualities, the category of socio-cultural institutions has a number of specific features.

First of all, it is necessary to emphasize the wide range of the term "socio-cultural institution". It covers a numerous network of social institutions that provide cultural activities, the processes of preservation, creation, dissemination and development of cultural values, as well as the inclusion of people in a certain subculture that is adequate for them.

In modern literature, there are various approaches to the construction of a typology of socio-cultural institutions. The problem is to choose the correct criterion for their classification, depending on the intended purpose, nature and content of their activities. As such, the functional-target orientation of socio-cultural institutions, the predominant nature of the content of their work, their structure in the system of social relations can appear.

From the point of view of the functional-target orientation, Kiseleva and Krasilnikov single out two levels of understanding the essence of socio-cultural institutions [ Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. Fundamentals of socio-cultural activities: Proc. allowance. - M.: MGUK, 1995, p. 294 - 295]. Accordingly, we are dealing with two of their major varieties.

The first level is normative. In this case, a socio-cultural institution is considered as a normative phenomenon, as a set of certain cultural, moral, ethical, aesthetic, leisure and other norms, customs, traditions that have been historically established in society, uniting around some main, main goal, value, need.

It is legitimate to refer to socio-cultural institutions of the normative type, first of all, the institution of the family, language, religion, education, folklore, science, literature, art and other institutions that are not limited to the development and subsequent reproduction of cultural and social values ​​or the inclusion of a person in a certain subculture . In relation to the individual and individual communities, they perform a number of extremely significant functions: socializing (socialization of a child, adolescent, adult), orienting (assertion of imperative universal values ​​through special codes and ethics of behavior), sanctioning (social regulation of behavior and protection of certain norms and values ​​based on legal and administrative acts, rules and regulations), ceremonial and situational (regulation of the order and methods of mutual behavior, transmission and exchange of information, greetings, appeals, regulation of meetings, meetings, conferences, activities of associations, etc.).

The second level is institutional. Socio-cultural institutions of an institutional type include a numerous network of services, departmental structures and organizations directly or indirectly involved in the socio-cultural sphere and having a specific administrative, social status and a certain public purpose in their industry. This group includes cultural and educational institutions directly , arts, leisure, sports (socio-cultural, leisure services for the population); industrial and economic enterprises and organizations (material and technical support of the socio-cultural sphere); administrative and management bodies and structures in the field of culture, including legislative and executive authorities; research and scientific-methodical institutions of the industry.

So, state and municipal (local), regional authorities occupy one of the leading places in the structure of socio-cultural institutions. They act as authorized subjects for the development and implementation of national and regional socio-cultural policies, effective programs for the socio-cultural development of individual republics, territories and regions.

In a broad sense, a socio-cultural institution is an actively operating subject of a normative or institutional type that has certain formal or informal powers, specific resources and means (financial, material, personnel, etc.) and performs an appropriate socio-cultural function in society.

Any socio-cultural institution should be considered from two sides - external (status) and internal (substantive). From an external (status) point of view, each such institution is characterized as a subject of socio-cultural activity, possessing a set of legal, human, financial, and material resources necessary to perform the functions assigned to it by society. From an internal (substantive) point of view, a socio-cultural institution is a set of expediently oriented standard patterns of activity, communication and behavior of specific individuals in specific socio-cultural situations.

For example, such a socio-cultural institution of a normative type as art, from an external (status) point of view, can be characterized as a set of persons, institutions and material means that carry out the creative process of creating artistic values. At the same time, in its internal (substantial) nature, art is a creative process that provides one of the most important social functions in society. The standards of activity, communication and behavior of creative people, their roles and functions are determined and specified depending on the genre of art.

Socio-cultural institutions give the activities of people a qualitative certainty, significance, both for the individual and for social, age, professional, ethnic, confessional groups, for society as a whole. It should be borne in mind that any of these institutions is not only a valuable and self-sufficient subject, but, above all, a subject of upbringing and education of a person.

Each of the socio-cultural institutions performs primarily its own, most characteristic substantive function, aimed at satisfying those socio-cultural needs for the sake of which it was formed and exists.

Topic: Socio-cultural institutions of the club type

Leonova Olga 111 group

Socio-cultural institutions- historically established stable forms of organization of joint activities of people, predetermining the viability of any society as a whole. They are formed on the basis of social connections, interactions and relations of individuals, social groups and communities, but they cannot be reduced to the sum of these individuals and their interactions. Social institutions are of a supra-individual nature and represent independent public formations with their own logic of development.

http://philist.narod.ru/lections/socinst.htm

http://www.vuzlib.net/beta3/html/1/26235/26280/

Club- (from the English club - an association of people connected by common goals). A form of voluntary society, an organization that brings people together for the purpose of communication based on common interests (political, scientific, artistic, etc.)

http://mirslovarei.com/content_soc/KLUB-781.html

The club has always been and remains a socio-cultural institution, a center of leisure activities. This activity is carried out in free time, is completely self-managed, and its results are, as a rule, non-commercial. As a voluntarily united community of people, a club can acquire the status of a public organization, the status of a legal entity. In this case, he refers to himself all the rights and obligations inherent in the club institution and at the same time any small business.

Thus, a club in a broad sense is a state, public, commercial, private organization that has or may have the status of a legal entity, created and functioning on the basis of joint professional activities of cultural workers or a voluntary association of citizens. The main task of the club as a socio-cultural institution is to develop the social activity and creative potential of the population, the formation of cultural demands and needs, the organization of various forms of leisure and recreation, the creation of conditions for spiritual development and the most complete self-realization of the individual in the field of leisure. In accordance with its tasks and in accordance with the procedure established by law, a club or any other structure of a club type is granted the right to make various kinds of transactions and other legal acts necessary for the implementation of activities: alienate, take and lease movable and immovable property, have bank accounts institutions, stamps, letterheads and other requisites, act as a plaintiff and defendant in courts and arbitrations, as well as have their own publications and participate in all kinds of enterprises and promotions of a socio-cultural, leisure nature.

The structural units of the club as an institution are educational and creative studios, amateur associations, amateur art and technical creativity groups, interest clubs and other initiative formations, including cooperative ones, which are usually part of the club on the terms of an agreement or collective contract.

Clubs and similar structures of the club type can operate both independently and under state, cooperative, public organizations, enterprises, institutions. By decision of the labor collective and in agreement with the founding organization, club structures on a voluntary basis can be part of socio-cultural complexes as the main structural unit, ordinary subdivision, creative formation, as well as other structural units of the complex. http://new.referat. ru/bank-znanii/referat_view?oid=23900

Only a part of the country's population constitutes the real audience of clubs, that is, they are among those who are significantly involved in the activities of clubs and are influenced by them. The rest of the population is the potential audience.

The scope of influence of clubs of different groups of the population is very different. The most active in this regard are rural high school students and relatively young city dwellers with a lower than secondary education. People over 30, especially those with higher education, go to clubs much less frequently. 62

___________________________________________________________

Sasykhov A.V. The audience of clubs // Club studies: Textbook for in-t of culture, arts and faculty. cult.-clearance. work ped. in-tov / Ed. S.N. Ikonnikova and V.I. Chepelev. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980. - S. 62-78.

Determining the essence of socio-cultural institutions is impossible without analyzing their functions that ensure the achievement of the goal. Society is a complex social entity, and the forces at work within it are closely linked, so it can be difficult to foresee the results of any single action. In this regard, a certain institution performs its own specific functions. Their totality constitutes the general social functions of institutions as elements, types of certain systems.

An important role in defining the tasks of socio-cultural institutions was played by the scientific works of M. Weber, E. Kasirer, J. Huizinga. They and other culturologists distinguish regulatory, integrative and communicative functions in the structure of spiritual production. In any society, complicated multi-level systems are created, specially focused on the development of certain knowledge, ideas about life and the person himself, as well as plans and goals not only daily, but also calculated for further behaviour.

Therefore, a socio-cultural institution must have a system of rules and norms of behavior that, within the framework of spiritual culture, consolidate, standardize the behavior of its members and make them predictable. When analyzing the components of cultural regulation, it should be taken into account that the implementation of the standards of human values ​​is carried out through their integration with social roles and norms of behavior, the assimilation of positive motivations and values ​​accepted in society. Socialization is supported by personal institutions (in the family, school, labor collective, etc.), as well as institutions, organizations, enterprises of culture and art.
The study of trends in the development of the process of socialization shows that with the complication of the socio-cultural field, the mechanism of socialization and its direct cultural application also become more complex.

A specific function of socio-cultural institutions is integration, which is distinguished by S. Frolov, A. Kargin, G. V. Drach and other researchers. In the social sphere, there is a spread of a complex of views, beliefs, values, ideals that are characteristic of a particular culture, they determine the consciousness and behavioral factors of people. Cultural institutions are focused on ensuring and preserving cultural heritage, folk traditions, historical knowledge, which helps to consolidate the connection between generations, unite the nation.
There are different cultures in the world community. Cultural differences hinder communication between people, sometimes hinder their mutual understanding. These differences often become barriers between social groups and associations. Socio-cultural institutions seek to overcome cultural differences with the tools of culture and art, strengthen the ties of cultures, activate their relationships and thereby unite people both within the same culture and beyond its borders.

Traditions are social attitudes determined by norms of behavior, moral and ethical values, ideas, customs, rituals, etc. Therefore, the most important tasks of socio-cultural organizations are the preservation, transfer and improvement of socio-cultural heritage.

The development of forms and methods of communication is the most important aspect of the activities of various cultural institutions. Scientists consider the development of socio-cultural activities in the course of the interaction of societies, when people enter into relationships with each other. Culture can be created jointly, precisely through joint actions. T. Parsans emphasized that without communication there are no forms of relations and activities. Without the presence of certain communication forms, it is impossible to educate the individual, coordinate actions, and maintain society as a whole. Therefore, a methodical, stable, diverse system of communications is needed that maintains the maximum degree of unity and differentiation of social life.

In our era, according to the Canadian culturologist M. McLuhan, the number of contacts of an individual with other people has significantly increased. But these relationships are often mediated and one-sided. Sociological research suggests that such one-sided relationships often only contribute to the development of feelings of loneliness. In this regard, socio-cultural institutions through the assimilation of cultural values ​​contribute to the development of real human forms of communication.
Thus, the communicative function of socio-cultural institutions is to streamline the processes of broadcasting socially important information, the integration of society and social groups, the internal differentiation of society and groups, the separation of society and different groups from each other in their communication.

Sociologists consider the sphere that allows people to take a break from everyday problems, in most cases as leisure, freed from specific participation in production. Leisure activities are much broader in content, because they can include the most diverse types of creativity. It is advisable to consider free time in the sense of realizing the interests of the individual associated with self-development, self-rehabilitation, communication, pleasure, health improvement, and creative activity. In this regard, one of the most important tasks of the socio-cultural institution is the transformation of leisure into the field of cultural activity, where the realization of the creative and spiritual potential of society is carried out.

An analysis of the factors in the formation of recreation for the population shows that libraries, clubs, theaters, philharmonic societies, museums, cinemas, parks and other similar institutions are the places for the implementation of cultural initiatives.

cultural institutes

The institutions of culture include the forms of organization of the spiritual life of people created by society: scientific, artistic, religious, educational. The institutions corresponding to them: science, art, education, church - contribute to the accumulation of socially significant knowledge, values, norms, experience, transfer the wealth of spiritual culture from generation to generation, from one group to another. An essential part of cultural institutions is considered communication institutes, which produce and disseminate information expressed in symbols. All these institutions organize the specialized activities of people and institutions on the basis of established norms and rules. Each of them fixes a certain status-role structure, performs specific functions.

Rice. one. The system of cultural institutions

Science emerges as a social institution that satisfies society's needs for objective knowledge. It supplies social practice with certain knowledge, being itself a specialized activity. The social institution of science exists in the form of forms of its organization that ensure the effectiveness of scientific activity and the use of its results. The functioning of science as an institution is regulated by a set of mandatory norms and values.

According to Robert Merton, these include:

universalism(belief in objectivity and independence from the subject of the provisions of science);

generality(knowledge should become common property);

unselfishness(prohibition on the use of science for personal interests;

organized skepticism(responsibility of the scientist for the assessment of the work of colleagues).

Scientific discovery - it is an achievement that requires remuneration, which is institutionally ensured by the fact that the contribution of the scientist is exchanged for recognition. This factor determines the prestige of a scientist, his status and career. There are various forms of recognition in the scientific community (for example, being elected an honorary member). They are supplemented by rewards from society and the state.

Science as a professional activity It took shape during the period of the first scientific revolutions of the 16th-17th centuries, when special groups of people were already engaged in the study of nature, professionally studying and cognizing its laws. In the period from the 18th to the first half of the 20th century, scientific activity develops in a three-dimensional system of relations: attitude towards nature; relations between scientists as members of a professional group; the interested attitude of society to science, mainly to its results and achievements. Science takes shape as a specific type of activity, a social institution with its own special internal relations, a system of statuses and roles, organizations (scientific societies), its symbols, traditions, and utilitarian features (laboratories).

In the 20th century, science turns into a productive force of society, an extensive and complex system of relations (economic, technological, moral, legal) and requires their organization, ordering (management). Thus, science becomes an institution that organizes and regulates the production (accumulation) of knowledge and its application in practice.

The Institute of Education is closely connected with the Institute of Science. It can be said that the product of science is consumed in education. If the revolution in the development of knowledge begins in science, then it ends precisely in education, which consolidates what has been achieved in it. However, education also has the opposite effect on science, shaping future scientists, stimulating the acquisition of new knowledge. Consequently, these two institutions of the sphere of culture are in constant interaction.

The purpose of the institution of education in society is diverse: education plays the most important role of a translator of socio-cultural experience from generation to generation. The socially significant need for the transfer of knowledge, meanings, values, norms was embodied in the institutional forms of lyceum schools, gymnasiums, and specialized educational institutions. The functioning of the institution of education is provided by a system of special norms, a specialized group of people (teachers, professors, etc.) and institutions.

The system of cultural institutions also includes forms of organization artistic activity of people. Often it is they who are perceived by ordinary consciousness as culture in general, i.e. there is an identification of culture and its part - art.

Art is an institution that regulates the activities and relations of people in the production, distribution and consumption of artistic values. These are, for example, the relationship between professional creators of beauty (artists) and society represented by the public; artist and intermediary, which ensures the selection and distribution of works of art. The intermediary can be an institution (Ministry of Culture) and an individual producer, philanthropist. The system of relations regulated by the institution of art includes the interaction of the artist with the critic. The Institute of Art ensures the satisfaction of the needs in the education of the individual, the transfer of cultural heritage, creativity, self-realization; the need to solve spiritual problems, search for the meaning of life. Religion is also called upon to satisfy the last two needs.

Religion as a social institution, like other institutions, includes a stable set of formal and informal rules, ideas, principles, values ​​and norms that regulate people's daily life. It organizes a system of statuses and roles depending on the relationship to God, other supernatural forces that give spiritual support to a person and are worthy of his worship.

structural elements religion as a social institution are:

1. a system of certain beliefs;

2. specific religious organizations;

3. a set of moral and moral prescriptions (ideas about a righteous way of life).

Religion performs such social functions, as ideological, compensatory, integrating, regulatory.

Functions of the Institute of Culture

A cultural institution in the literal sense most often correlates with various organizations and institutions that directly, directly carry out the functions of preserving, transmitting, developing, studying culture and culturally significant phenomena. These include, for example, libraries, museums, theaters, philharmonic societies, creative unions, societies for the protection of cultural heritage, etc.

Along with the concept of a cultural institution, various publications often use the traditional concept of a cultural institution, and in theoretical cultural studies - a cultural form: a club as a cultural institution, a library, a museum as cultural forms.

Educational institutions such as schools, universities, we can also correlate with the concept of a cultural institution. Among them are educational institutions directly related to the sphere of culture: music and art schools, theater universities, conservatories, institutes of culture and arts.

The social institution of culture in a broad sense is a historically established and functioning order, a norm (institution) for the implementation of any cultural function, as a rule, generated spontaneously and not specifically regulated with the help of some institution or organization. These include various rituals, cultural norms, philosophical schools and artistic styles, salons, mugs and much more.

The concept of the institution of culture covers not only a group of people engaged in one or another type of cultural activity, but also the very process of creating cultural values ​​and the procedures for fulfilling cultural norms (the institution of authorship in art, the institution of worship, the institution of initiation, the institution of burial, etc.).

Obviously, regardless of the choice of the interpretation aspect - direct or broad - the cultural institution is the most important tool for collective activity in the creation, preservation and transmission of cultural products, cultural values ​​and norms.

It is possible to find approaches to revealing the essence of the phenomenon of a cultural institution based on the system-functional and activity approach to culture proposed by M.S. Kagan.

Cultural institutions are stable (and at the same time historically changeable) formations, norms that have arisen as a result of human activity. As components of the morphological structure of human activity, M.S. Kagan singled out the following: transformation, communication, cognition and value consciousness.

Based on this model, we can identify the main areas of activity of cultural institutions:

· culture-generating, stimulating the process of production of cultural values;

· culturally preserving, organizing the process of preservation and accumulation of cultural values, social and cultural norms;

· culturally broadcasting, regulating the processes of cognition and enlightenment, the transfer of cultural experience;

· cultural organizing, regulating and formalizing the processes of dissemination and consumption of cultural values.

Creating a typology and classification of cultural institutions is a difficult task. This is due, firstly, to the huge variety and number of cultural institutions themselves and, secondly, to the diversity of their functions.

One and the same social institution of culture can perform several functions. So, for example, the museum performs the function of preserving and broadcasting cultural heritage and is also a scientific and educational institution. At the same time, in terms of the broad understanding of institutionalization, the museum in modern culture is one of the most significant, inherently complex and multifunctional cultural institutions.

A number of functions within the framework of the activities of the cultural institute are of an indirect, applied nature, going beyond the main mission. Thus, many museums and museum-reserves carry out relaxation and hedonistic functions within the framework of tourism programs.

Various cultural institutions can comprehensively solve a common problem, for example, the educational function is carried out by the vast majority of them: museums, libraries, philharmonic societies, universities and many others.

Some functions are provided simultaneously by different institutions: museums, libraries, societies for the protection of monuments, international organizations (UNESCO) are engaged in the preservation of cultural heritage.

The main (leading) functions of cultural institutions ultimately determine their specificity in the overall system. Among these functions are the following:

protection, restoration, accumulation and preservation, protection of cultural values;

Providing access for specialists to study and to educate the general public to monuments of world and domestic cultural heritage: artifacts of historical and artistic value, books, archival documents, ethnographic and archaeological materials, as well as protected areas.