Sound is the smallest unit of language, pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, human hearing perceives all the sounds that it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are unique to his native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.
33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters should be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other, form words.
36 consonants: [b], [h], [c], [d], [g], [g], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [u], [f], [c], [w], [x], [h], [b "], [h "], [c"], [ d "], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [n"], [r"], [ f "], [g"], [x"].
The consonants are divided into:
- soft and hard;
voiced and deaf;
paired and unpaired.
Soft and hard consonants
The phonetics of the Russian language has a significant difference from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.
At the moment of pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed against the palate more strongly than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant from each other. In order to determine in a letter whether a consonant is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after a particular consonant.
Consonants are classified as solid in such cases:
- if letters a, o, u, uh, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
- after them there is another consonant sound - [pile], [hail], [marriage];
- if the sound is at the end of the word - [gloom], [friend], [table].
The softness of the sound is written as an apostrophe: mol - [mol '], chalk - [m'el], gate - [kal'itka], fir - [p'ir].
It should be noted that the sounds [u ’], [d ’], [h ’] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [w], [c], [g].
The consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by "b" and vowels: i, e, u, i, e. For example: gene - [g "en], len - [l" he], disk - [d "isk] , hatch - [l "uk], elm - [v" yaz], trill - [tr "el"].
Voiced and deaf, paired and unpaired sounds
According to the voicedness, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [c], [h], [g], [b], [g], [d], [m], [d], [l], [p] , [n].
Examples: [boron], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [head], [catch], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].
Examples: [count], [floor], [volume], [dream], [noise], [u "uk], [choir], [king"], [ch "an].
Paired voiced and deaf consonants include: [b] - [n], [g] - [w], [g] - [x], [h] - [s]. [d] - [t], [c] - [f]. Examples: true story - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itching - court, live - sew.
Sounds that do not form a pair: [h], [n], [c], [x], [p], [m], [l].
Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p "], [n] - [n"], [m] - [m"], [c] - [c"], [d] - [ d "], [f] - [f "], [k] - [k"], [h] - [h "], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n "], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l "], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: true story - white, height - branch, city - cheetah, cottage - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - pen, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.
Table for memorizing consonants
To visually see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.
Solid - before the letters A, O, U, S, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I | Hard and soft consonants | |||
| b | ball | b" | battle | |
| in | howl | in" | eyelid | |
| G | garage | G" | hero | |
| d | hole | d" | tar | |
| h | ash | h" | yawn | |
| to | godfather | to" | sneakers | |
| l | vine | l" | foliage | |
| m | March | m" | month | |
| n | leg | n" | tenderness | |
| P | spider | P" | song | |
| R | growth | R" | rhubarb | |
| With | salt | With" | hay | |
| t | cloud | t" | patience | |
| f | phosphorus | f" | firm | |
| X | thinness | X" | chemistry | |
| Unpaired | and | giraffe | h | miracle |
| w | screen | sch | hazel | |
| c | goal | th | felt | |
Another table will help memorize consonant sounds.
| Paired | Voiced | Deaf |
| B | P | |
| AT | F | |
| G | To | |
| D | T | |
| AND | W | |
| W | FROM | |
| Unpaired | L, M, N, R, Y | X, C, H, W |
Children's poems for better mastering of the material
The letters are exactly 33 in the Russian alphabet,
To find out how many consonants -
Subtract ten vowels
Signs - hard, soft -
It will immediately become clear:
It turns out the number is exactly twenty-one.
Soft and hard consonants are very different,
But not dangerous at all.
If we pronounce with noise, then they are deaf.
Consonant sounds proudly say:
They sound different.
Hard and soft
Actually very light.
One simple rule to remember forever:
W, C, F - always solid,
But H, W, Y - only soft,
Like cat paws.
Let's soften the others like this:
If we add a soft sign,
Then we get spruce, moth, salt,
What a clever sign!
And if we add the vowels I, I, E, E, Yu,
We get a soft consonant.
Signs-brothers, soft, hard,
We don't pronounce
But to change the word
Let's ask for their help.
The rider is riding a horse
Kon - use in the game.
This material will be devoted to paired consonants and in which cases which of them should be used. When teaching a child the rules of the Russian language, do not forget that the easiest form of learning is a game. By playing, you can achieve quick results, it will be much easier and more interesting for the baby to learn new material for him.
Sounds and letters
In Russian, like in any other language, there are letters and sounds. Letters are special characters that are used in a language to convey sounds. Sounds are formed into words. We write and see letters, and we hear and pronounce sounds. In the future, in order to distinguish between letters and sounds, the latter (in the case of a graphic image) will be enclosed in square brackets.
Sounds and their features
Now let's talk about sounds. Russian has consonants and vowels. The first of them is opposite to the second. With the simultaneous combination of consonants and vowels, words are formed. The first are divided into hard and soft, voiced and deaf. There are consonants that have a pair, and there are those that do not have a pair. Next, various examples of words in which paired consonants can be found will be shown.
The demonstration of these examples will be reduced to the understanding that in their writing and pronunciation there is a difference in the perception of sounds. So, to make it clear and interesting, let's recall the sequence of letters in the Russian alphabet, arrange the first six consonants of the alphabet out of order in a column.
- B - [B] - [P];
- G - [G] - [K];
- V - [V] - [F];
- F - [F] - [W];
- З - [З] - [С];
- D - [D] - [T].
Opposite each letter in square brackets is the sound of the letter. All these consonants are voiced, and each of them has a pair. The second column in this example is paired deaf consonants. The main problem in this case is determining which letter should be written in the word. But the resulting pair of letters is the paired consonant sounds. It is to this topic, as noted earlier, that this material will be devoted.
Examples
Here are examples of words with paired consonants. To make it more interesting, guess the riddles, pay attention to the riddle words, so:
- The girl is sitting in a dungeon, and her long green braid is on the street (the answer is carrots).
- There was a lanky, stuck in the ground (the answer is rain).
- I was born in the forest, but I live on the water (the answer is a boat).
So, we get these words: carrot, boat, rain. What they have in common is that when pronouncing these words, we hear one sound, and write a completely different letter. Similar words with paired consonants are quite common both in our speech and when writing texts. Now we can observe the stunning of paired consonants both at the end and in the middle of a word.
rule
In the first case, consider some words at the end with paired consonants. For example, let's say the word "oak", we hear the sound [p] at the end of the word. In order not to make a mistake when writing a word, it is necessary to pronounce a test word, for this you need to put a vowel after the consonant (it is also possible in some cases a consonant) or put the word in the plural: oaks. Now we can clearly hear the sound [B]. Or pick up a single-root word in a diminutive form.
There is another way to check spelling in this case: mentally substitute the word "no". And so, we get the test words: flag - no flag, beak - no beak, frost - no frost. Sometimes the examples given earlier are called paired consonant words.
More examples
Let's take some more examples of words. Let's pronounce the word "tooth", at the end of the word we hear the sound [p]. Now we will use the rule known to us: we will put the word in the plural, we will get the answer to our question - “teeth”, now we will put the vowel after the consonant letter and we will get the following result: “tooth”, we will put the consonant - “tooth”. And, finally, mentally insert the word "no" - "no tooth."
"Train" - "trains". We hear "T" - we write "D".
"Taz" - "basins, basin." We hear "C" - we write "Z".
We will give a few more examples, but in this case, consider the words in the middle with such letters:
"Eyes" - "eyes, peephole, eye."
"Trail" - "path, path, path."
Here are a few words as examples of the material covered.
- Mom bought me a red skirt (the check word is a skirt).
- The cold was unbearable in the early morning (the test word is chill).
- In winter, the guys played snowballs in the yard (the test word is snowball).
- A mug of milk was on the table (the test word was a mug).
- We visited an exhibition of exotic animals (check word - exhibit).
- In the desk drawer I found a rusty nail (the key word is nails).
- The garden blooms in spring (the test word is gardens).
- After the fight, Taras got a bruise under his eye (the test word is bruises).
- At a party, we ate a delicious cucumber salad (the check word is salads).
- A white dove landed on my window this morning (the passphrase is pigeons).
A fairy tale in the end - to consolidate the material
To consolidate the previously presented material, let's listen to the tale "On paired consonants." Once upon a time there were paired consonants in the "Primer" of one schoolboy: b - p, g - k, c - f, w -sh, d - t, s - s. They lived well, together, but the character of each sound was completely different: voiced consonants were vociferous and cheerful, and deaf consonants, on the contrary, were grouchy and angry.
Voiced consonants and deaf consonants liked to argue among themselves: which of them is in this word. "B" and "P" argued which of them should be at the end of the word "table (b) (p)". In turn, "V" and "F" also argued - who will be in the word "tra (v) (f) kA".
Kid Fortress was walking past, heard an argument and decided to reconcile the letters among themselves. And he said: “In these words, you need to put a vowel at the end, or after a consonant, put a vowel in the middle of the word, the vowel will tell you which of you will be in this word.”
Paired consonants reconciled, thanked the Kid and asked about his name. “And my name is Baby Krepysh!” he replied. "F" and "Sh" were worried about which of them would be at the end of the baby's name. And the kid says: “There are two more ways to find out which letter will stand: mentally add the word“ no ”and you will get the answer. Call me affectionately - you will never go wrong!
Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [e], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].
For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If a consonant letter in different words means either a soft or a hard sound, then the sound is paired. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Deaf consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost covered; when they are pronounced, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.
Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.
Sonorant, noisy and hissing consonants
Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:
- Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k "], [p], [p"], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].
Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonants. To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know
What sounds are called consonants?
What is a consonant made of?
What are consonant sounds?
How many consonant letters and consonant sounds are there in the Russian alphabet?
Which consonants are always hard and which are always soft?
What letters indicate the softness of a consonant sound?
Sounds, during the pronunciation of which air meets an obstacle in the mouth, are called consonants. A consonant sound consists of noise and voice, or only noise.
The consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. Voiced sounds are made up of noise and voice, deaf sounds are made up of noise only.
Sounds consist only of noise: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [c], [h], [w], [u]. These are voiceless consonants.
Many consonants form couples by voice-deafness: [b] — [p], [c] — [f], [g] — [k], [d] — [t], [s] — [s], [f] — [sh].
To memorize voiced consonants, you can learn the phrase: " LION AND TOAD HAVE MANY FRIENDS».
See all phrases for memorizing voiced and voiceless consonants.
Deaf consonants are easy to remember by the phrase: " STEPKA, WANT A CHICK?— Ugh!».
Consonant sounds are indicated by letters:
B,AT,G,D,AND,W,Y,To,L,M,H,P,R,FROM,T,F,X,C,H,W,SCH.
In total, the Russian language has 21 consonants.
Consonants are also hard and soft.
Hard and soft sounds differ in the position of the tongue during pronunciation. When pronouncing soft consonants, the middle back of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.
Most consonants form pairs of hardness-softness:
The following hard and soft consonants do not form pairs in hardness-softness:
| Solid | [and] | [w] | [c] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Soft | [h❜] | [n❜] | [th❜] |
Table "Consonants: paired and unpaired, voiced and deaf, hard and soft" (Grades 1-4)
Note: in primary school hard consonants are shown in blue, soft consonants in green, and vowels in red.
Hardness consonants are indicated in writing by vowels BUT , O , At , S , E .
Softness consonant sound is indicated in writing by vowels E , Yo , I , Yu , I, as well as the letter b(soft sign).
Compare: nose[nose] - carried[n❜os], corner[corner] - coal[ugal❜].
Unpaired voiced sounds [d❜], [l], [l❜], [m], [m❜] [n], [n❜] [r], [r❜] are called sonorous, which means "sonorous" in Latin.
Sounds [g], [w], [h❜], [u❜] are called hissing. They got this name because their pronunciation is like a hiss.
Sounds [w], [w] are unpaired solid hissing sounds.
The sounds [h❜] and [u❜] are unpaired soft hissing sounds.
The sounds [c], [s❜], [z], [z❜], [c] are called whistling.
Consonant can not be percussive or unpercussed.
In Russian, there are more consonant sounds (36) than consonant letters (21), since one letter can denote paired hard and soft sounds: for example, the letter L (el) denotes the sounds [l] and [l❜].
Attention! A consonant can form a syllable only with
how to identify soft paired or voiced unpaired and got the best answer
Answer from Irina[guru]
Always soft sounds: [th '], [h '], [u '].
Always solid sounds: [w], [w], [c]
Vowels: A-I, O-Yo, U-Yu, Y-I, E-E.
The vowels A, O, U, Y, E in writing indicate the hardness of consonants.
The vowels E, Yo, I, Yu, I in writing indicate the softness of consonant sounds.
For example: small - [m] solid sound, since it is followed by the sound A.
crumpled - [m`] soft sound, since after it there is a sound Ya.
Answer from t a t[guru]
In Russian, consonants are divided into hard and soft, voiced and deaf. In each case, there are consonants that have a pair, as well as consonants that do not have a pair. Let's look at paired and unpaired consonants, and in what words they occur.
So, consider vowel sounds, which are divided into hard and soft. To indicate a soft vowel sound in a letter, the symbol (") is put.
By hardness-softness, most sounds form pairs:
[b] - [b "] (to be - to beat),
[n] - [n "] (dust - drank),
[in] - [in "] (vyl - pitchfork),
[f] - [f "] (ready - cook),
[d] - [d "] (water - water),
[t] - [t "] (bit - beat),
[s] - [s "] (I'm taking - I'm taking),
[s] - [s "] (weight - whole),
[l] - [l "] (mol - mol),
[n] - [n "] (horse - horse),
[m] - [m "] (mother - crumple),
[r] - [r "] (lynx - rice),
[k] - [k "] (forty - magpies),
[g] - [g "] (leg - legs),
[x] - [x "] (ear - ear).
Solid unpaired consonants include [c], [w], [g], and soft unpaired consonants [h '], [u '], [th ']
Now, let's look at the division of vowels into voiced and deaf.
Consonants formed with the participation of the voice are called voiced: [b] , [c] , [g] , [d] , [g] , [h] , [l] , [m] , [n] , [p] .
Consonant sounds formed without the participation of the voice are called deaf: [k] , [n] , [s] , [t] , [f] , [x] , [c] , [h] , [w] , [u] .
Voiced and deaf consonants form correlative pairs: [b] - [p], [g] - [k], [d] - [t], [h] - [s], [c] - [f], [g ] - [w], [g '] - [k '], [b '] - [n '], [c '] - [f '], [h '] - [s '], [d '] - [t'].
Sounds [l], [m], [n], [r] are always voiced, they do not have corresponding voiceless sounds.
Sounds [x], [c], [h] are always deaf.
Answer from Maxim motor[newbie]
I AM MAXIM I DON'T KNOW.
Answer from uh hello[newbie]
to (k) - acc., deaf., par., tv., unpaired.
Answer from Ekaterina Peshkova[newbie]
and why (k) solid unpaired?
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: how to determine a soft paired or voiced unpaired