Abstract by discipline: Chemistry
On the topic: Methods for separating mixtures
Riga - 2009
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..page 3
Types of mixtures………………………………………………………………………p.4
Methods for separating mixtures……………………………………………………..page 6
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….page 11
List of references………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..p.12
Introduction
In nature, substances in their pure form are very rare. Most of the objects around us are made up of a mixture of substances. In a chemical laboratory, chemists work with pure substances. If the substance contains impurities, then any chemist can separate the substance needed for the experiment from impurities. To study the properties of substances, it is necessary to purify this substance, i.e. split into component parts. The separation of a mixture is a physical process. Physical methods for the separation of substances are widely used in chemical laboratories, in the production of food products, in the production of metals and other substances.
Types of mixtures
There are no pure substances in nature. When considering boulders, granite, we are convinced that they consist of grains, veins of various colors; milk contains fats, proteins, water; oil and natural gas contain organic substances called hydrocarbons; air contains various gases; natural water is not a chemically pure substance. A mixture is a mixture of two or more dissimilar substances.
Mixtures can be divided into two large groups (ri
If the components of the mixture are visible to the naked eye, then such mixtures are called heterogeneous. For example, a mixture of wood and iron filings, a mixture of water and vegetable oil, a mixture of river sand and water, etc.
If the components of the mixture cannot be distinguished with the naked eye, then such mixtures are called homogeneous. Such mixtures as milk, oil, a solution of sugar in water, etc. are classified as homogeneous mixtures.
There are solid, liquid and gaseous substances. Substances can be mixed in any state of aggregation. The state of aggregation of a mixture determines a substance that is quantitatively superior to the rest.
Heterogeneous mixtures are formed from substances of different aggregate states, when the substances do not mutually dissolve and mix poorly (Table 1)
|
Types of heterogeneous mixtures |
|
|
before mixing |
Examples |
|
hard/solid |
Minerals; iron/sulfur |
|
solid/liquid |
Lime mortar; wastewater |
|
solid/gaseous |
Smoke; dusty air |
|
liquid/solid |
Pearl; minerals; water/ice |
|
liquid / liquid |
Milk; vegetable oil/water |
|
liquid/gaseous |
Fog; clouds |
|
gaseous/solid |
Styrofoam |
|
gaseous/liquid |
soap foam |
Homogeneous mixtures are formed when substances dissolve well in each other and mix well (Table 2).
|
Types of homogeneous mixtures |
|
|
Aggregate state of the constituent parts before mixing |
Examples |
|
hard/solid |
Alloy of gold and silver |
|
solid/liquid |
sugar/water |
|
solid/gaseous |
Vapors of iodine in the air |
|
liquid/solid |
swollen gelatin |
|
liquid / liquid |
alcohol/water |
|
liquid/gaseous |
Water/air |
|
gaseous/solid |
Hydrogen in palladium |
|
gaseous/liquid |
|
When mixtures are formed, chemical transformations usually do not occur, and the substances in the mixture retain their properties. Differences in the properties of substances are used to separate mixtures.
Methods for separating mixtures
Mixtures, both inhomogeneous and homogeneous, can be divided into constituent parts, i.e. for pure substances. Pure substances are substances that cannot be separated into two or more other substances using physical methods and do not change their physical properties. There are various methods for separating mixtures; certain methods for separating mixtures are used depending on the composition of the mixture.
- Screening;
- Filtration;
- settling;
- Decantation
- centrifugation;
- Evaporation;
- Evaporation;
- Recrystallization;
- Distillation (distillation);
- Freezing;
- The action of the magnet;
- Chromatography;
- Extraction;
- Adsorption.
Let's get acquainted with a few of them. Here it should be noted that it is easier to separate heterogeneous mixtures than homogeneous ones. Below we give examples of the separation of substances from homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Screening.
Let's imagine that granulated sugar got into the flour. Perhaps the easiest way to separate is screening. With the help of a sieve, you can easily separate small particles of flour from relatively large sugar crystals. In agriculture, screening is used to separate plant seeds from foreign debris. In construction, gravel is separated from sand in this way.
Filtration
The solid component of the suspension is separated from the liquid filtering, using paper or fabric filters, cotton wool, a thin layer of fine sand. Let's imagine that we are given a mixture of table salt, sand and clay. It is required to separate table salt from the mixture. To do this, place the mixture in a beaker with water and shake. Table salt dissolves and sand settles. Clay does not dissolve and does not settle to the bottom of the glass, so the water remains cloudy. To remove insoluble clay particles from the solution, the mixture is filtered. To do this, you need to assemble a small filter device from a glass funnel, filter paper and a tripod. The salt solution is filtered out. To do this, the filtered solution is carefully poured into a funnel with a tightly inserted filter. Sand and clay particles remain on the filter, and a clear salt solution passes through the filter. Recrystallization is used to isolate salt dissolved in water.
recrystallization, evaporation
Recrystallization a method of purification is called, in which the substance is first dissolved in water, then the solution of the substance in water is evaporated. As a result, water evaporates, and the substance is released in the form of crystals.
Let's give an example: It is required to isolate table salt from a solution.
Above, we considered an example when it was necessary to isolate table salt from a heterogeneous mixture. Now let's separate the table salt from a homogeneous mixture. The solution obtained by filtration is called the filtrate. The filtrate must be poured into a porcelain cup. Place the cup with the solution on the tripod ring and heat the solution over the flame of the spirit lamp. The water will begin to evaporate and the volume of the solution will decrease. Such a process is called evaporation. As the water evaporates, the solution becomes more concentrated. When the solution reaches a state of saturation with table salt, crystals will appear on the walls of the cup. At this point, stop heating and cool the solution. Chilled table salt will stand out in the form of crystals. If necessary, salt crystals can be separated from the solution by filtration. The solution must not be evaporated until the water has completely evaporated, since other soluble impurities can also precipitate in the form of crystals and contaminate the table salt.
Settling, decanting
Used to isolate insoluble substances from liquids. upholding. If the solid particles are large enough, they quickly settle to the bottom, and the liquid becomes transparent. It can be carefully drained from the sediment, and this simple operation also has its own name - decantation.
The smaller the solids in the liquid, the longer the mixture will settle. It is possible to separate from each other and two liquids that do not mix with each other.
centrifugation
If the particles of an inhomogeneous mixture are very small, it cannot be separated either by settling or filtering. Examples of such mixtures are milk and water-dissolved toothpaste. Such mixtures are divided centrifugation. Mixtures containing such a liquid are placed in test tubes and rotated at high speed in special apparatuses - centrifuges. As a result of centrifugation, heavier particles are "pressed" to the bottom of the vessel, and the lungs are on top. Milk is the smallest particles of fat distributed in an aqueous solution of other substances - sugars, proteins. To separate such a mixture, a special centrifuge called a separator is used. When separating milk, fats are on the surface, they are easy to separate. What remains is water with dissolved substances in it - this is skimmed milk.
Adsorption
In technology, the problem often arises of cleaning gases, such as air, from unwanted or harmful components. Many substances have one interesting property - they can "cling" to the surface of porous substances, like iron to a magnet. Adsorption called the ability of some solids to absorb gaseous or dissolved substances on their surface. Substances capable of adsorption are called adsorbents. Adsorbents are solid substances in which there are many internal channels, voids, pores, i.e. they have a very large total absorbing surface. Adsorbents are activated carbon, silica gel (in the box with new shoes you can find a small bag of white peas - this is silica gel), filter paper. Different substances "attach" to the surface of adsorbents differently: some are held on the surface firmly, others are weaker. Activated carbon is able to absorb not only gaseous, but also substances dissolved in liquids. In case of poisoning, it is taken so that toxic substances are adsorbed on it.
Distillation (distillation)
Two liquids that form a homogeneous mixture, such as ethyl alcohol and water, are separated by distillation or distillation. This method is based on the fact that the liquid is heated to the boiling point and its vapor is removed through a gas outlet tube into another vessel. Cooling, the vapor condenses, and impurities remain in the distillation flask. The distillation apparatus is shown in Fig. 2
The liquid is placed in a Wurtz flask (1), the neck of the Wurtz flask is tightly closed with a stopper with a thermometer inserted into it (2), while the mercury reservoir should be at the level of the outlet tube opening. The end of the outlet tube is inserted through a tightly fitted stopper into the Liebig refrigerator (3), at the other end of which the allonge (4) is fixed. The narrowed end of the allonge is lowered into the receiver (5). The lower end of the refrigerator jacket is connected with a rubber hose to a water tap, and from the upper end a drain is made into the sink. The refrigerator jacket should always be filled with water. The Wurtz flask and condenser are fixed in separate racks. The liquid is poured into the flask through a funnel with a long tube, filling the distillation flask to 2/3 of its volume. For uniform boiling, several boiling points are placed on the bottom of the flask - glass capillaries sealed at one end. After closing the flask, water is supplied to the refrigerator and the liquid in the flask is heated. Heating can be carried out on a gas burner, electric stove, water, sand or oil bath - depending on the boiling point of the liquid. In no case should flammable and combustible liquids (alcohol, ether, acetone, etc.) be heated over an open fire in order to avoid accidents: only a water or other bath should be used. The liquid should not be evaporated completely: 10-15% of the initially taken volume should remain in the flask. A new portion of the liquid can be poured only when the flask has cooled slightly.
Freezing
Substances with different melting points are separated by the method freezing, cooling the solution. By freezing, you can get very clean water at home. To do this, pour tap water into a jar or mug and put it in the freezer of the refrigerator (or take it out in the cold in winter). As soon as about half of the water turns into ice, the unfrozen part of it, where impurities accumulate, must be poured out, and the ice allowed to melt.
In industry and in laboratory conditions, methods for separating mixtures are used, based on other different properties of the constituent parts of the mixture. For example, iron filings can be isolated from a mixture magnet. The ability of substances to dissolve in various solvents is used in extraction- a method for separating solid or liquid mixtures by treating them with various solvents. For example, iodine from an aqueous solution can be isolated by any organic solvent in which iodine dissolves better.
Conclusion
In laboratory practice and in everyday life, it is very often necessary to isolate individual components from a mixture of substances. Note that mixtures include two or more substances, divided into two large groups: homogeneous and heterogeneous. There are various ways of separating mixtures, such as filtration, evaporation, distillation (distillation) and others. Methods for separating mixtures mainly depend on the type and composition of the mixture.
List of used literature
1. S.Ozols, E.Lepiņš chemistry for elementary school., 1996. P. 289
2. Information from the Internet
Do you know what are the ways to separate mixtures? Do not rush to a negative answer. Many of them you apply in your daily activities.
Pure substance: what is it
Atoms, molecules, substances and mixtures are the basic chemical concepts. What do they stand for? In the table of D. I. Mendeleev there are 118 chemical elements. These are different types of elementary particles - atoms. They differ in mass.
Atoms combine with each other to form molecules, or substances. The latter, when combined with each other, form mixtures. Pure substances have constant composition and properties. These are homogeneous structures. But they can be separated into components through chemical reactions.
Scientists say that pure substances in nature practically do not exist. A small amount of impurities is in each of them. This is because most substances differ in activity. Even metals immersed in water dissolve in it at the ion level.
The composition of pure substances is always constant. It is simply impossible to change it. So, if the amount of carbon or oxygen in a carbon dioxide molecule is increased, it will be a completely different substance. And in the mixture, you can increase or decrease the number of components. This will change its composition, but not the fact of existence.
What is a mixture
A combination of several substances is called a mixture. They can be of two types. If the individual components in the mixture are indistinguishable, it is called homogeneous, or homogeneous. There is another name that is most often used in everyday life - a solution. The components of such a mixture cannot be separated by physical methods. For example, from a saline solution, it will not be possible to mechanically extract the crystals that are dissolved in it. Not only are found in nature liquid solutions. So, air is a gaseous homogeneous mixture, and an alloy of metals is a solid.
In heterogeneous or heterogeneous mixtures, individual particles are visible to the naked eye. They differ from each other in composition and properties. This means that they can be separated from each other purely mechanically. Cinderella perfectly coped with this task, which the evil stepmother forced to separate the beans from the peas.
Chemistry: ways to separate mixtures
A huge number of mixtures are found in everyday life and nature. How to choose the right way to separate them? It must necessarily be based on the physical properties of the individual components. If substances have different boiling points, then evaporation followed by crystallization, as well as distillation, will be effective. Such methods are used to separate homogeneous solutions. To separate heterogeneous mixtures, the difference in other properties of their constituents is used: density, wettability, solubility, size, magnetism, etc.
Physical methods for separating mixtures
When the components of the mixture are separated, the composition of the substances themselves does not change. Therefore, it is impossible to call methods for separating mixtures a chemical process. So, by settling, filtering and applying a magnet, it is possible to separate the individual components mechanically. In the laboratory, they use various appliances: separating funnel, filter paper, magnetic stripes. These are methods for separating heterogeneous mixtures.
Screening
This method is perhaps the simplest. Every housewife knows him. It is based on the difference in the sizes of the solid components of the mixture. Sifting is used in everyday life to separate flour from impurities, insect larvae and various contaminants. In agricultural production, cereal grains are thus cleaned of foreign debris. Construction workers are sifting a mixture of sand and gravel.
settling
This method of separation of mixtures is used for components with different densities. If the sand gets into the water, the resulting solution must be mixed well and left for a while. The same can be done with a mixture of water and vegetable oil or oil. The sand will sink to the bottom. But the oil, on the contrary, will be collected from above. This method is observed in everyday life and nature. For example, soot settles from smoke, and separate drops of dew from fog. And if you leave homemade milk for the night, then by morning you can collect the cream.
Filtration
Drinkers of brewed tea use this method daily. We are talking about filtration - a method of separating mixtures based on the different solubility of the components. Imagine that iron filings and salt got into the water. Large insoluble particles will remain on the filter. And the dissolved salt will pass through it. The principle of this method underlies the work of vacuum cleaners, the action of respiratory masks and gauze bandages.
Magnet action
Suggest a method for separating mixtures of sulfur and iron powders. Naturally, this is the action of a magnet. Are all metals capable of this? Not at all. According to the degree of susceptibility, three groups of substances are distinguished. For example, gold, copper and zinc will not attach to a magnet. They belong to the group of diamagnets. Magnesium, platinum and aluminum differ in weak perception. But if the composition of the mixture includes ferromagnets, then this method will be the most effective. These include, for example, iron, cobalt, nickel, terbium, holmium, thulium.
Evaporation
What method of separation of mixtures is suitable for an aqueous homogeneous solution? This is evaporation. If you only have salt water, but need clean water, don't get upset right away. You need to heat the mixture to boiling point. As a result, the water will evaporate. And at the bottom of the dish, crystals of the dissolved substance will be visible. To collect water, it must be condensed - transferred from a gaseous state to a liquid one. To do this, the vapors are cooled, touching the surface with a lower temperature, and flow into the prepared container.
Crystallization
In science, this term is considered in a broader sense. It is not just a method for obtaining pure substances. By their nature, icebergs, minerals, bones and tooth enamel are crystals.
Their growth occurs under the same conditions. Crystals are formed as a result of cooling liquids or supersaturation of steam, and in the future the temperature should no longer change. Thus, some limiting conditions are first reached. As a result, a crystallization center appears, around which atoms of a liquid, melt, gas, or glass gather.
Distillation
Surely you have heard about the water, which is called distilled. This purified liquid is necessary for the manufacture of medicines, laboratory research, and cooling systems. And get it in special devices. They are called distillers.
Distillation is a method of separating mixtures of substances with different boiling points. Translated from Latin, the term means "draining drops." With this method, for example, alcohol and water can be separated from a solution. The first substance will begin to boil at a temperature of +78 o C. Alcohol vapors will subsequently condense. The water will remain in liquid form.
In a similar way, products of its processing are obtained from oil: gasoline, kerosene, gas oil. This process is not a chemical reaction. Oil is separated into separate fractions, each of which has its own boiling point. This happens in several stages. First, the primary separation of oil is carried out. It is cleaned from associated gas, mechanical impurities and water vapor. At the next stage, the resulting product is placed in distillation columns and heated. This is the atmospheric distillation of oil. At a temperature of less than 62 degrees, the remaining associated gas volatilizes. By heating the mixture to 180 degrees, gasoline fractions are obtained, up to 240 - kerosene, up to 350 - diesel fuel. The residue of thermal oil processing is fuel oil, which is used as a lubricant.
Chromatography
This method is named after the scientist who first used it. His name was Mikhail Semenovich Tsvet. Initially, the method was used to separate plant pigments. Literally, chromatography is translated from Greek as "I write with color." Dip the filter paper into the mixture of water and ink. The first will immediately begin to be absorbed. This is due to varying degrees of adsorbing properties. This also takes into account diffusion and the degree of solubility.
Adsorption
Some substances have the ability to attract molecules of another kind. For example, we take activated charcoal for poisoning to get rid of toxins. This process requires an interface that is between the two phases.
This method is used in the chemical industry for the separation of benzene from gaseous mixtures, purification of liquid products of oil refining, their purification from impurities.
So, in our article, we examined the main methods for separating mixtures. A person uses them both at home and on an industrial scale. The choice of method depends on the type of mixture. An important factor is the features of the physical properties of its components. To separate solutions in which individual parts are visually indistinguishable, evaporation, crystallization, chromatography and distillation methods are used. If the individual components can be determined, such mixtures are called heterogeneous. To separate them, methods of settling, filtering and using a magnet are used.
Pure substances and mixtures. Methods for separating mixtures.In order to establish the properties of a substance, it is necessary to have it in its pure form, but substances in nature do not occur in a pure form. Each substance always contains a certain amount of impurities. A substance that contains almost no impurities is called pure. They work with such substances in a scientific laboratory, a school chemistry room. Note that absolutely pure substances do not exist.
Mixtures are almost all natural substances, food (except salt, sugar, some others), Construction Materials, goods household chemicals, many medicines and cosmetics.
Natural substances are mixtures, sometimes consisting of a very large number of different substances. For example, natural water always contains salts and gases dissolved in it. Sometimes a very small impurity content can lead to a very strong change in some properties of a substance. For example, the content in zinc of only hundredths of iron or copper accelerates its interaction with hydrochloric acid hundreds of times. When one of the substances is in the mixture in a predominant amount, the entire mixture usually bears its name.
A component is each substance contained in a mixture.
uniform mixtures.
Add a small portion of sugar to a glass of water and stir until all the sugar is dissolved. The liquid will taste sweet. Thus, the sugar did not disappear, but remained in the mixture. But we will not see its crystals, even when examining a drop of liquid through a powerful microscope.
Rice. 3. Homogeneous mixture (water solution of sugar)
The prepared mixture of sugar and water is homogeneous (Fig. 3); the smallest particles of these substances are evenly mixed in it.
Mixtures in which components cannot be detected with the naked eye are called homogeneous.
Water mixed with sand, chalk or clay freezes at 0 0 C and boils at 100 0 C.
Some types of heterogeneous mixtures have special names: foam (for example, foam, soap suds), suspension (a mixture of water with a small amount of flour), emulsion (milk, well-shaken vegetable oil with water), aerosol (smoke, fog).
Rice. 5. Heterogeneous mixtures:
a - a mixture of water and sulfur;
b - a mixture of vegetable oil and water;
c - a mixture of air and water
There are different ways to separate mixtures. The choice of method for separating a mixture is influenced by the properties of the substances that form this mixture.
Let's take a closer look at each method:
settling- a common method of purifying or liquids from water-insoluble mechanical impurities, or liquid substances that are insoluble in each other, having different densities.
Settling is used in the preparation of water for technological and domestic needs, the treatment of sewage, the dehydration and desalination of crude oil, and in many processes of chemical technology. It is an important stage in the natural self-purification of natural and artificial reservoirs.
Filtration- separation of liquid from solid insoluble impurities in it; liquid molecules pass through the pores of the filter, and large particles of impurities are retained.
Imagine that you have a mixture of river sand and water. Determine the type of mixture. ( heterogeneous). Compare the physical properties of river sand and water. (These are substances that are insoluble in each other, having different densities). Suggest a method for separating this mixture ( filtering).
Magnet action- this is a method of separating inhomogeneous mixtures, when one of the substances in the mixture is able to be attracted by a magnet
Evaporation - this is a method of separating homogeneous mixtures, in this case, a solid soluble substance is released from a solution, when heated, water evaporates, and solid crystals remain.
Distillation (Latin meaning "dropping") – This is a method of separating homogeneous mixtures, in which case liquid mixtures are separated into fractions differing in composition. It is carried out by partial evaporation of the liquid, followed by vapor condensation. The distilled fraction (distillate) is enriched with relatively more volatile (low-boiling) substances, and the non-distilled liquid (distillation residue) is enriched with relatively less volatile (high-boiling) substances.
In the laboratory, distillation is carried out on a special installation (Fig. 6). When a mixture of liquids is heated, the substance with the lowest boiling point boils first. Its vapor leaves the vessel, cools, condenses1, and the resulting liquid flows into the receiver. When this substance is no longer in the mixture, the temperature will begin to rise, and over time, another liquid component will boil. Non-volatile liquids remain in the vessel.
Rice. 6. Laboratory installation for distillation: a - conventional; b - simplified
1 - a mixture of liquids with different boiling points;
2 - thermometer;
3 - water cooler;
4 - receiver
Consider how some methods separation of mixtures.
The filtering process underlies the operation of a respirator, a device that protects the lungs of a person working in a heavily dusty environment. The respirator has filters that prevent dust from entering the lungs (Fig. 7). The simplest respirator is a bandage made of several layers of gauze. A filter that extracts dust from the air is also in the vacuum cleaner.
Rice. 7. Worker in a respirator
Draw a conclusion by what methods it is possible to separate a mixture of soluble and insoluble substances in water.
heterogeneous (heterogeneous) | homogeneous (homogeneous) |
| Heterogeneous are such mixtures in which it is possible to identify the interface between the original components either with the naked eye, or under a magnifying glass or microscope: | Substances in such mixtures are mixed with each other as much as possible, one might say, at the molecular level. In such mixtures, it is impossible to detect the interface between the initial components even under a microscope: |
| Examples | |
| Suspension (solid + liquid) Emulsion (liquid + liquid) Smoke (solid + gas) Mixture of powders of solids (solid+solid) | True solutions (for example, a solution of sodium chloride in water, a solution of alcohol in water) Solid solutions (metal alloys, crystal hydrates of salts) Gas solutions (a mixture of gases that do not react with each other) |
Mixture separation methods
Heterogeneous mixtures of types gas-liquid, liquid-solid, gas-solid are unstable in time under the action of gravity. In such mixtures, components with a lower density gradually rise up (float), and with a higher density they sink down (settle). This process of spontaneous separation of mixtures over time is called upholding. So, for example, a mixture of fine sand and water quite quickly spontaneously divides into two parts:
To speed up the process of settling a substance with a higher density from a liquid in the laboratory, more often they resort to a more advanced version of the settling method - centrifugation. The role of gravity in centrifuges is played by centrifugal force, which always occurs during rotation. Since the centrifugal force directly depends on the speed of rotation, it can be made many times greater than the force of gravity, simply by increasing the number of revolutions of the centrifuge per unit time. This achieves a much faster separation of the mixture compared to settling.
After settling or centrifugation, the supernatant can be separated from the pellet by the method decantation- Careful draining of the liquid from the sediment.
It is possible to separate a mixture of two liquids insoluble in each other (after settling it) using a separating funnel, the principle of operation of which is clear from the following illustration:
To separate mixtures of substances in different aggregate states, in addition to settling and centrifugation, filtration is also widely used. The method lies in the fact that the filter has a different throughput in relation to the components of the mixture. Most often this is due to different particle sizes, but it can also be due to the fact that the individual components of the mixture interact more strongly with the filter surface ( adsorbed them).
So, for example, a suspension of a solid insoluble powder with water can be separated using a porous paper filter. The solid remains on the filter, while the water passes through it and is collected in a container below it:
In some cases, heterogeneous mixtures can be separated due to the different magnetic properties of the components. So, for example, a mixture of powders of sulfur and metallic iron can be separated using a magnet. Iron particles, unlike sulfur particles, are attracted and held by a magnet:
Separation of the components of the mixture using magnetic field called magnetic separation.
If the mixture is a solution of a refractory solid in a liquid, this substance can be isolated from the liquid by evaporating the solution:
To separate liquid homogeneous mixtures, a method called distillation, or distillation. This method has a principle of operation similar to evaporation, but allows you to separate not only volatile components from non-volatile ones, but also substances with relatively similar boiling points. One of the simplest options for distillation apparatus is shown in the figure below:
The meaning of the distillation process is that when a mixture of liquids boils, the vapors of the lighter-boiling component are the first to evaporate. The vapors of this substance, after passing through the refrigerator, condense and drain into the receiver. The distillation method is widely used in the oil industry in the primary processing of oil to separate oil into fractions (gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc.).
Water purified from impurities (primarily salts) is also obtained by distillation. Water that has been purified by distillation is called distilled water.