GOST 30494-2011 Residential and public buildings. The parameters of the microclimate in the premises.
INTERSTATE STANDARD
BUILDINGS RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC
Indoor microclimate parameters
Residential and public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor enclosures
ISS 13.040.30
Introduction date 2013-01-01
Foreword
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-97 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. The procedure for developing, adopting, applying, updating and canceling"
About the standard
1 DEVELOPED by OJSC "SantekhNIIproekt", OJSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy"
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 "Construction"
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (MNTKS), (Minutes No. 39 of December 8, 2011)
Azerbaijan - AZ - State Committee for Urban Planning and Architecture
Armenia - AM - Ministry of Urban Development
Kyrgyzstan - KG - Gosstroy
Russian Federation - RU - Ministry of Regional Development
Ukraine - UA - Ministry of Regional Development of Ukraine
Moldova - MD - Ministry of Regional Development
4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of July 12, 2012 N 191-st, the interstate standard GOST 30494-2011 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2013.
5 INSTEAD OF GOST 30494-96
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the monthly published index "National Standards".
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of the changes - in the monthly published information indexes "National Standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards"
1 area of use
This standard establishes the parameters of the microclimate of the serviced area of residential premises (including dormitories), kindergartens, public, administrative and household buildings, as well as air quality in the serviced area of these premises and establishes general requirements for optimal and permissible microclimate indicators and air quality.
This standard does not apply to the parameters of the microclimate of the working area of industrial premises.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply:
2.1 permissible microclimate parameters: Combinations of values of microclimate indicators that, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and a decrease in performance with increased stress on thermoregulation mechanisms and do not cause damage or deterioration of health.
2.2 Air quality
2.2.1 air quality: The composition of the air in the room, in which, with prolonged exposure to a person, the optimal or acceptable state of the human body is ensured.
2.2.2 optimal air quality: The composition of the air in the room, in which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, a comfortable (optimal) state of the human body is ensured.
2.2.3 acceptable air quality: The composition of the air in the room, in which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, an acceptable state of the human body is ensured.
2.3 local asymmetry of the resulting temperature
2.4 microclimate of the room: The state of the internal environment of the room that affects a person, characterized by indicators of air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility.
2.5 serviced area of the room (living area): The space in the room, limited by planes parallel to the floor and walls: at a height of 0.1 and 2.0 m above the floor level - for people standing or moving, at a height of 1.5 m above the floor level - for sitting people (but not closer than 1 m from the ceiling with ceiling heating), and at a distance of 0.5 m from the internal surfaces of external and internal walls, windows and heaters.
2.6 optimal microclimate parameters: The combination of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide a normal thermal state of the body with minimal stress on thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room.
2.7 premises with a permanent stay of people: A room in which people stay for at least 2 hours continuously or 6 hours in total during the day.
2.8 room radiation temperature: The area-averaged temperature of the inner surfaces of the room enclosures and heating appliances.
2.9 resulting room temperature
2.10 air velocity: Air velocity averaged over the volume of the serviced area.
2.11 ball thermometer temperature: The temperature at the center of a thin-walled hollow sphere, characterizing the combined effect of air temperature, radiation temperature and air velocity.
2.12 warm period of the year: A period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above 8 °C.
2.13 cold period of the year: The period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature equal to 8 °C and below.
3 Room classification
This standard adopts the following classification of public and administrative premises:
Premises of the 1st category: premises in which people in a lying or sitting position are in a state of rest and rest;
- premises of the 2nd category: premises in which people are engaged in mental work, study;
- premises of category 3a: premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position without street clothes;
- premises of category 3b: premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position in street clothes;
- premises 3 in category: premises with mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a standing position without street clothes;
- premises of the 4th category: premises for practicing mobile sports;
- premises of the 5th category: premises in which people are half-dressed (changing rooms, treatment rooms, doctors' offices, etc.);
- premises of the 6th category: premises with temporary stay of people (lobbies, dressing rooms, corridors, stairs, bathrooms, smoking rooms, pantries).
4 Microclimate parameters
4.1 In the premises of residential and public buildings, optimal or permissible microclimate parameters in the serviced area should be ensured.
4.2 Parameters characterizing the microclimate in residential and public premises:
- air temperature;
- speed of air movement;
- relative humidity;
- resulting room temperature;
- local asymmetry of the resulting temperature.
4.3 Required microclimate parameters: optimal, acceptable, or combinations thereof should be set depending on the purpose of the premises and the period of the year, taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents *.
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* In the Russian Federation, there are also
4.4 The optimal and permissible microclimate parameters in the serviced area of residential premises (including dormitories), kindergartens, public, administrative and household buildings should be taken for the corresponding period of the year within the values of the parameters given in tables 1-3:
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Full text - in PDF file.
In any construction, the question immediately arises: “How thick should the thermal insulation of the wall, roof be?”.
The thickness of the insulation, or to be more precise, thermal resistance, is calculated in accordance with SP 50.13330.2012.
At the end of the article, you can download the program in Excel for calculating the thickness of thermal insulation and in the same file there are all the necessary tables.
Initial data for calculating the thickness of thermal insulation
To calculate the required thickness of thermal insulation, the following data are required:
1) Estimated indoor air temperature;
2) Duration and average temperature of the heating period;
3) The name of the enclosing materials (or as they call the "pie") and their thermal conductivity parameters;
Estimated indoor air temperature
For residential and public buildings, it is assigned in accordance with GOST 30494-2011 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters:
Table 1 (GOST 30494-2011) - Optimal and permissible standards for temperature and relative humidity in the serviced area of residential buildings and hostels
| Period of the year | The name of a room | Air temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | ||
| optimal | admissible | optimal | admissible, no more | ||
| Cold | Living room | 20-22 | 18-24 (20-24) | 45-30 | 60 |
| Living room in areas with the temperature of the coldest five-day period (security 0.92) minus 31 ° C and below | 21-23 | 20-24 (22-24) | 45-30 | 60 | |
| Kitchen | 19-21 | 18-26 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Toilet | 19-21 | 18-26 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Bathroom, combined bathroom | 24-26 | 18-26 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Premises for rest and study | 20-22 | 18-24 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| Inter-apartment corridor | 18-20 | 16-22 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| lobby, stairwell | 16-18 | 14-20 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Storerooms | 16-18 | 12-22 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Warm | Living room | 22-25 | 20-28 | 60-30 | 65 |
| Note 1 to entry: Values in parentheses refer to homes for the elderly and disabled. | |||||
Table 2 (GOST 30494-2011) - Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the service area of preschool institutions
| Period of the year | The name of a room | Air temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | ||
| optimal | admissible | optimal | admissible, no more | ||
| Cold | Group dressing room and toilet: | ||||
| for toddlers and younger groups | 21-23 | 20-24 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| 19-21 | 18-25 | 45-30 | 60 | ||
| Bedroom: | |||||
| for toddlers and younger groups | 20-22 | 19-23 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| for middle and preschool groups | 19-21 | 18-23 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| lobby, stairwell | 18-20 | 16-22 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Warm | Group bedrooms | 23-25 | 18-28 | 60-30 | 65 |
| Notes 1 In the kitchen, bathroom and pantry, the air parameters should be taken according to table 1. 2 For preschool institutions located in areas with the temperature of the coldest five-day period (security 0.92) minus 31 ° C and below, the allowable design air temperature in the room should be taken 1 ° C higher than that indicated in table 2. |
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Table 3 (GOST 30494-2011) - Optimal and permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the service area of public and administrative buildings
| Period of the year | Room name or category | Air temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | ||
| optimal | admissible | optimal | admissible, no more | ||
| Cold | 1 | 20-22 | 18-24 | 45-30 | 60 |
| 2 | 19-21 | 18-23 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| 3a | 20-21 | 19-23 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| 3b | 14-16 | 12-17 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| 3c | 18-20 | 16-22 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| 4 | 17-19 | 15-21 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| 5 | 20-22 | 20-24 | 45-30 | 60 | |
| 6 | 16-18 | 14-20 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Bathrooms, showers | 24-26 | 18-28 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Warm | Residential premises | 23-25 | 18-28 | 60-30 | 65 |
For working premises, the internal temperature is regulated by GOST 12.1.005-88 Occupational Safety Standards System. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area:
Table 1 (GOST 12.1.005-88) Optimal and permissible standards for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the working area of industrial premises
| Period of the year | Category works |
Temperature, ° С | relative humidity, % |
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| optimal | admissible | optimal | admissible on workers places |
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| upper border |
lower border |
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| in the workplace | ||||||||
| permanent | fickle | permanent | fickle | |||||
| Cold | Easy - Ia | 22 — 24 | 25 | 26 | 21 | 18 | 40 — 60 | 75 |
| Light - Ib | 21 — 23 | 24 | 25 | 20 | 17 | 40 — 60 | 75 | |
| Moderate - IIa | 18 — 20 | 23 | 24 | 17 | 15 | 40 — 60 | 75 | |
| Moderate - IIb | 17 — 19 | 21 | 23 | 15 | 13 | 40 — 60 | 75 | |
| Heavy - III | 16 — 18 | 19 | 20 | 13 | 12 | 40 — 60 | 75 | |
| Warm | Easy - Ia | 23 — 25 | 28 | 30 | 22 | 20 | 40 — 60 | 55 (at 28°C) |
| Light - Ib | 22 — 24 | 28 | 30 | 21 | 19 | 40 — 60 | 60 (at 27°C) |
|
| Moderate - IIa | 21 — 23 | 27 | 29 | 18 | 17 | 40 — 60 | 65 (at 26°C) |
|
| Moderate - IIb | 20 — 22 | 27 | 29 | 16 | 15 | 40 — 60 | 70 (at 25°C) |
|
| Heavy - III | 18 — 20 | 26 | 28 | 15 | 13 | 40 — 60 | 75 (at 24°C and below) |
|
These data are duplicated by GOST tables in SanPiN 2.1.2.2645-10 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises and SanPiN 2.2.4.548-96 Hygienic requirements for the microclimate of industrial premises.
The design temperature is taken according to the minimum value from these tables.
Operating conditions of the structure
Depending on the mode of operation of the interior and the environment, the operating conditions are divided into 2 groups (A and B).
The humidity regime of the premises is determined in accordance with Table 1 of SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings
Table 1 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Humidity regime of building premises
The temperature and humidity of the indoor air can be found in the tables of GOST 30494-2011 Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters and GOST 12.1.005-88 Occupational safety standards system. General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area (tables are given in the article above).
The humidity zones of the territory of Russia should be taken according to the Map of humidity zones in Annex B to SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings.
Figure 1. Map of humidity zones
Based on these data, according to table 2 of SP 50.13330.2012, the operating conditions of enclosing structures are assigned.
Table 2 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Operating conditions of enclosing structures
| Humidity building premises (according to table 1 of SP 50.13330.2012) |
Operating conditions A and B in the humidity zone (according to Appendix C) | ||
| dry | normal | wet | |
| Dry | A | A | B |
| Normal | A | B | B |
| Wet or wet | B | B | B |
This indicator is necessary when choosing the coefficient of thermal conductivity and directly affects the thickness of the insulation. absorbing moisture, the insulation loses its heat-insulating properties.
Duration and average temperature of the heating period
Outside air parameters can be found in SP 131.13330.2012 Building climatology, Updated edition of SNiP 23-01-99*.
The average outdoor temperature, as well as the duration of the heating period, are taken in accordance with Table 3.1 of SP 131.13330.2012 for a period with an average daily outdoor temperature of no more than 8 ° C, and when designing medical and preventive, children's institutions and nursing homes for the elderly, no more than 10 ° C;
For example, for the city of Ufa, the duration of the heating period with an average daily air temperature below 8 °C is 209 days, while the average temperature of the heating period is minus 6 °C. For medical and preventive institutions, children's institutions and nursing homes, you need to look at the data for the average daily air temperature below 10 ° C (224 days, minus 5 ° C, respectively).
If this village is not on the list, then either take the nearest point that is on the list, or use the data of meteorological observations.
Name of enclosing structures
First of all, it is necessary to determine what materials the enclosing wall will be made of. At the design stage, we set some parameters right away, for example, the thickness of the masonry is determined by the strength calculation, the brand of brick is assigned, the material of the main insulation is assigned, and its thickness is calculated by the selection method.
Any material has thermal conductivity. Thermal conduction is the process of transferring heat from hotter parts of the body to cooler parts. Thermal conductivity is measured in W/(m °C). For building envelopes, the lower this indicator, the better.
Thermal resistance is the ability of a body to resist the spread of heat. Thermal resistance and thermal conductivity are inversely proportional and the higher this figure, the "warmer" the wall. Thermal resistance is measured in (m² °C)/W.
For calculations, we need to know all the components of the wall or roof structure, their thicknesses, and the thermal conductivity parameters of the components. The structure of a wall or roof is commonly referred to as a "pie", i.e. a roofing pie is a layered description of the components of a roof.
Thin layers that do not particularly affect the thermal conductivity of the structure, but are necessary for other purposes, such as vapor barrier, can be ignored when calculating the thermal resistance of the structure.
Calculation of the thickness of thermal insulation
First of all, it is necessary to determine the GSOP (degree-day of the heating period, ° С ∙ day / year). This parameter is determined by the formula 5.2 SP 50.13330.2012 Thermal protection of buildings:
GSOP = ( t V - t from) z from,
Where t c - calculated internal air temperature, taken at minimum temperatures in accordance with GOST 30494-2011, GOST 12.1.005-88 (see above);
t from, z from - the average outdoor temperature, ° С, and the duration, days / year, of the heating period, adopted according to the set of rules for a period with an average daily outdoor temperature of not more than 8 ° С, and when designing medical and preventive, children's institutions and nursing homes for the elderly, not more than 10 ° С (accepted according toSP 131.13330.2012 Building climatology).
Table 3 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Basic values of the required resistance to heat transfer of enclosing structures
| Buildings and premises, coefficients A And b | Degree-day of the heating period, °С day/year | Basic values of the required resistance to heat transfer (m 2 ∙ ° С) / W, enclosing structures | ||||
| Sten | Coverings and ceilings over driveways | Attic ceilings over unheated undergrounds and basements | Windows and balcony doors, showcases and stained-glass windows | Lanterns | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| 1 Residential, medical and preventive and children's institutions, schools, boarding schools, hotels and hostels | 2000 | 2,1 | 3,2 | 2,8 | 0,3 | 0,3 |
| 4000 | 2,8 | 4,2 | 3,7 | 0,45 | 0,35 | |
| 6000 | 3,5 | 5,2 | 4,6 | 0,6 | 0,4 | |
| 8000 | 4,2 | 6,2 | 5,5 | 0,7 | 0,45 | |
| 10000 | 4,9 | 7,2 | 6,4 | 0,75 | 0,5 | |
| 12000 | 5,6 | 8,2 | 7,3 | 0,8 | 0,55 | |
| a | — | 0,00035 | 0,0005 | 0,00045 | — | 0,000025 |
| b | — | 1,4 | 2,2 | 1,9 | — | 0,25 |
| 2 Public, except for the above, administrative and domestic, industrial and other buildings and premises with a damp or wet regime | 2000 | 1,8 | 2,4 | 2,0 | 0,3 | 0,3 |
| 4000 | 2,4 | 3,2 | 2,7 | 0,4 | 0,35 | |
| 6000 | 3,0 | 4,0 | 3,4 | 0,5 | 0,4 | |
| 8000 | 3,6 | 4,8 | 4,1 | 0,6 | 0,45 | |
| 10000 | 4,2 | 5,6 | 4,8 | 0,7 | 0,5 | |
| 12000 | 4,8 | 6,4 | 5,5 | 0,8 | 0,55 | |
| a | — | 0,0003 | 0,0004 | 0,00035 | 0,00005 | 0,000025 |
| b | — | 1,2 | 1,6 | 1,3 | 0,2 | 0,25 |
| 3 Production with dry and normal conditions * | 2000 | 1,4 | 2,0 | 1,4 | 0,25 | 0,2 |
| 4000 | 1,8 | 2,5 | 1,8 | 0,3 | 0,25 | |
| 6000 | 2,2 | 3,0 | 2,2 | 0,35 | 0,3 | |
| 8000 | 2,6 | 3,5 | 2,6 | 0,4 | 0,35 | |
| 10000 | 3,0 | 4,0 | 3,0 | 0,45 | 0,4 | |
| 12000 | 3,4 | 4,5 | 3,4 | 0,5 | 0,45 | |
| A | — | 0,0002 | 0,00025 | 0,0002 | 0,000025 | 0,000025 |
| b | — | 1,0 | 1,5 | 1,0 | 0,2 | 0,15 |
| Notes
1 Values for GSOP values other than tabular values should be determined using the formula
where GSOP is the degree-day of the heating period, °C day/year, for a particular point; a, b- coefficients, the values of which should be taken according to the table for the corresponding groups of buildings, with the exception of column 6, for a group of buildings in pos. 1, where for the interval up to 6000 °С ∙ day/year: A = 0,000075, b= 0.15; for the interval 6000 - 8000 °С ∙ day/year: A = 0,00005, b= 0.3; for the interval 8000 °С ∙ days/year and more: A = 0,000025; b = 0,5. 2 The normalized value of the reduced heat transfer resistance of the blind part of balcony doors must be at least 1.5 times higher than the normalized value of the reduced heat transfer resistance of the translucent part of these structures. 3 * For buildings with excess sensible heat over 23 W/m 3 , normalized values of reduced resistance to heat transfer must be determined for each specific building. |
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The thermal resistance of a wall section can be determined by the formula E.6 of SP 50.13330.2012:
where α in is the heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface of the enclosing structure, W / (m 2 ∙ ° С), taken according to table 4 of SP 50.13330.2012;
Table 4 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Heat transfer coefficients of the inner surface of the building envelope
| The inner surface of the fence | Heat transfer coefficient α in, W / (m 2 ∙ ° С) |
| 1 Walls, floors, smooth ceilings, ceilings with protruding ribs in relation to height h edges to distance A, between faces of neighboring edges h/a ≤ 0,3 | 8,7 |
| 2 Ceilings with protruding ribs in relation h/a > 0,3 | 7,6 |
| 3 Windows | 8,0 |
| 4 skylights | 9,9 |
| Note- The heat transfer coefficient α in the inner surface of the enclosing structures of livestock and poultry buildings should be taken in accordance with SP 106.13330. | |
α n - heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the enclosing structure, W / (m 2 ∙ ° С), taken according to table 6 of SP 50.13330.2012;
Table 6 (SP 50.13330.2012) - Heat transfer coefficients of the outer surface of the building envelope
| The outer surface of the enclosing structures | Heat transfer coefficient for winter conditions, α n, W / (m 2 ∙ ° С) |
| 1 External walls, coverings, ceilings over driveways and over cold (without enclosing walls) undergrounds in the Northern building and climatic zone | 23 |
| 2 Ceilings over cold basements communicating with the outside air, ceilings over cold (with enclosing walls) undergrounds and cold floors in the Northern building and climatic zone | 17 |
| 3 Attic ceilings and over unheated basements with skylights in the walls, as well as external walls with an air gap ventilated by outside air | 12 |
| 4 Ceilings over unheated basements and technical, underground, not ventilated by outside air | 6 |
Rs- thermal resistance of the layer of the homogeneous part of the fragment, (m 2 ∙ ° С) / W, determined for non-ventilated air spaces according to Table E.1 of SP 50.13330.2012, for material layers according to the formula E.7 of SP 50.13330.2012
δ s— layer thickness, m;
λ s— thermal conductivity of the layer material, W/(m ∙ °C), taken according to the results of tests in an accredited laboratory; in the absence of such data, it is estimated according to Appendix C to SP 50.13330.2012.
Table E.1 (SP 50.13330.2012)
| Air layer thickness, m | Thermal resistance of a closed air gap, m 2 ∙ ° С / W | |||
| horizontal with heat flow from bottom to top and vertical | horizontal with heat flow from top to bottom | |||
| at the air temperature in the interlayer | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | |
| 0,01 | 0,13 | 0,15 | 0,14 | 0,15 |
| 0,02 | 0,14 | 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,19 |
| 0,03 | 0,14 | 0,16 | 0,16 | 0,21 |
| 0,05 | 0,14 | 0,17 | 0,17 | 0,22 |
| 0,1 | 0,15 | 0,18 | 0,18 | 0,23 |
| 0,15 | 0,15 | 0,18 | 0,19 | 0,24 |
| 0,2 — 0,3 | 0,15 | 0,19 | 0,19 | 0,24 |
| Note- When pasting one or both surfaces of the air gap with aluminum foil, the thermal resistance should be doubled. | ||||
By increasing the thickness of the insulation, we increase the thermal resistance Rs, and by the selection method we achieve that R0 was greater than the required thermal resistance.
Why do you need such a thickness of insulation?
If we try to calculate an ordinary brick house (the wall thickness is 2 bricks, 510 mm) or a house made of timber, we will see that for many regions such houses are not suitable for thermal engineering, but it is quite comfortable to live in such houses, there is no condensation on the walls and many people think that they are “warm”. However, the thickness of the thermal insulation is now selected for economic reasons, and not for technical properties. Those. you will feel the difference in the thermal resistance of the wall with your wallet, and not with the microclimate of the room. A house insulated according to the norms will spend less resources on heating and subsequently such investments will pay off by saving money during operation.
Moreover, if you are building a private house for yourself and expect to use it for a long time, then you can take the thickness of the insulation more than the calculated one, which will pay off later.
In Europe, there is a standard for "passive houses" or energy efficient houses. The thermal resistance of such walls is 2 times higher than our standards require, despite the fact that the climate in Europe is warmer.
Russia also has energy efficiency standards for houses (see Table 15 of SP 50.13330.2012). If we design the insulation exactly according to the norms, we will get a building of energy efficiency class C. By increasing the thickness of the insulation and applying other developments in the field of energy efficiency (modern windows and doors, heat recovery), we can increase the energy efficiency class of the building.
You will also find reference information in it: design coefficients and temperatures, a map of humidity zones.
Posted in TaggedGOST 30494-2011.
Buildings residential and public.
GOST 30494-2011
INTERSTATE STANDARD
BUILDINGS RESIDENTIAL AND PUBLIC
Indoor microclimate parameters
Residential and public buildings. Microclimate parameters for indoor enclosures
ISS 13.040.30
Introduction date 2013-01-01
Foreword
The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by the "Interstate standardization system. Basic provisions" and GOST 1.2-97 "Interstate standardization system. Interstate standards, rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. The procedure for developing, adopting, applying, updating and canceling"
About the standard
1 DEVELOPED by OJSC "SantekhNIIproekt", OJSC "TsNIIPromzdaniy"
2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 "Construction"
3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Conformity Assessment in Construction (MNTKS), (Minutes No. 39 of December 8, 2011) Voted for adoption:
| Short name of the country according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 | Country code according to MK (ISO 3166) 004-97 | Abbreviated name of the national standards body |
|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | AZ | State Committee for Urban Planning and Architecture |
| Armenia | AM | Ministry of Urban Development |
| Kyrgyzstan | KG | Gosstroy |
| Russian Federation | EN | Ministry of Regional Development |
| Ukraine | U.A. | Ministry of Regional Development of Ukraine |
| Moldova | MD | Ministry of Regional Development |
| Uzbekistan | USD | Uzstandard |
(Amendment. IUS N 7-2016).
4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology of July 12, 2012 N 191-st, the interstate standard GOST 30494-2011 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2013.
Information on the entry into force (termination) of this standard is published in the monthly published index "National Standards".
Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of the changes - in the monthly published information indexes "National Standards". In case of revision or cancellation of this standard, the relevant information will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards"
1 area of use
This standard establishes the microclimate parameters of the serviced area of residential premises (including dormitories), kindergartens, public, administrative and residential buildings, as well as air quality in the serviced area of these premises and establishes general requirements for optimal and permissible microclimate indicators and air quality. This standard does not apply to the microclimate parameters of the working area of industrial premises.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply:
2.1 permissible microclimate parameters: Combinations of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and a decrease in efficiency with increased stress on thermoregulation mechanisms and do not cause damage or deterioration in health.
2.2 Air quality
2.2.1 air quality: The composition of the air in the room, in which, with prolonged exposure to a person, the optimal or acceptable state of the human body is ensured.
2.2.2 optimal air quality: The composition of the air in the room, in which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, a comfortable (optimal) state of the human body is ensured.
2.2.3 acceptable air quality: The composition of the air in the room, in which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, an acceptable state of the human body is ensured.
2.3 local asymmetry of the resulting temperature: The difference in the resulting temperatures at a point in the room, determined by a ball thermometer for two opposite directions.
2.4 room microclimate: The state of the internal environment of the room, which has an impact on a person, characterized by indicators of air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility.
2.5 serviced area of the premises (habitat area): The space in the room, limited by planes parallel to the floor and walls: at a height of 0.1 and 2.0 m above the floor - for people standing or moving, at a height of 1.5 m above the floor - for sitting people (but not closer than 1 m from the ceiling with ceiling heating), and at a distance of 0.5 m from the internal surfaces of external and internal walls, windows and heaters.
2.6 optimal microclimate parameters: The combination of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide a normal thermal state of the body with minimal stress on thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room.
2.7 premises with permanent residence of people: A room in which people are at least 2 hours continuously or 6 hours in total during the day.
2.8 room radiation temperature: The temperature averaged over the area of the internal surfaces of the enclosures of the room and heating devices.
2.9 resulting room temperature: A complex indicator of the radiation temperature of the room and the temperature of the air in the room, determined according to Appendix A.
2.10 air speed: Air velocity averaged over the volume of the serviced area.
2.11 ball thermometer temperature: The temperature at the center of a thin-walled hollow sphere, which characterizes the combined effect of air temperature, radiation temperature, and air velocity.
2.12 warm season: A period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature above 8 °C.
2.13 cold season: A period of the year characterized by an average daily outdoor temperature of 8 °C or lower.
3 Room classification
This standard adopts the following classification of public and administrative premises:
- premises of the 1st category: premises in which people in a lying or sitting position are in a state of rest and rest;
- premises of the 2nd category: premises in which people are engaged in mental work, study;
- premises of category 3a: premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position without street clothes;
- premises of category 3b: premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position in street clothes;
- premises 3 in category: premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a standing position without street clothes;
- premises of the 4th category: premises for practicing mobile sports;
- premises of the 5th category: premises in which people are half-dressed (changing rooms, treatment rooms, doctors' offices, etc.);
- premises of the 6th category: premises with temporary stay of people (lobbies, dressing rooms, corridors, stairs, bathrooms, smoking rooms, pantries).
4 Microclimate parameters
4.1 In the premises of residential and public buildings, optimal or permissible microclimate parameters in the serviced area should be ensured.
4.2 Parameters characterizing the microclimate in residential and public premises:
- air temperature;
- air speed;
- relative humidity;
- resulting room temperature;
- local asymmetry of the resulting temperature.
4.3 Required microclimate parameters: optimal, acceptable, or combinations thereof should be set depending on the purpose of the premises and the period of the year, taking into account the requirements of the relevant regulatory documents *.
_______________
* In the Russian Federation, there are also
4.4 The optimal and permissible microclimate parameters in the serviced area of residential premises (including dormitories), kindergartens, public, administrative and household buildings should be taken for the corresponding period of the year within the values of the parameters given in tables 1-3:
Table 1
in the serviced area of premises of residential buildings and hostels
| Period of the year | The name of a room | Air temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | allowable | optimal | allowable | optimal | admissible no more | optimal no more | admissible no more | ||
| Cold | Living room | 20-22 | 18-24 (20-24) | 19-20 | 17-23 (19-23) | 45-30 | 60 | 0,15 | 0,2 |
| Living room in areas with the temperature of the coldest five-day period (security 0.92) minus 31 ° C and below | 21-23 | 20-24 (22-24) | 20-22 | 19-23 (21-23) | 45-30 | 60 | 0,15 | 0,2 | |
| Kitchen | 19-21 | 18-26 | 18-20 | 17-25 | Not standardized | Not standardized | 0,15 | 0,2 | |
| Toilet | 19-21 | 18-26 | 18-20 | 17-25 | Not standardized | Not standardized | 0,15 | 0,2 | |
| Bathroom, combined bathroom | 24-26 | 18-26 | 23-27 | 17-26 | Not standardized | Not standardized | 0,15 | 0,2 | |
| Premises for rest and study | 20-22 | 18-24 | 19-21 | 17-23 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,15 | 0,2 | |
| Inter-apartment corridor | 18-20 | 16-22 | 17-19 | 15-21 | 45-30 | 60 | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| lobby, stairwell | 16-18 | 14-20 | 15-17 | 13-19 | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Storerooms | 16-18 | 12-22 | 15-17 | 11-21 | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Warm | Living room | 22-25 | 20-28 | 22-24 | 18-27 | 60-30 | 65 | 0,2 | 0,3 |
| NOTE Values in parentheses refer to homes for the elderly and the disabled. | |||||||||
table 2
Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity
in the serviced area of preschool institutions
| Period of the year | The name of a room | Air temperature, °С | Resulting temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | Air speed, m/s | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | allowable | optimal | allowable | optimal | admissible, no more | optimal, no more | admissible, no more | ||
| Cold | Group dressing room and toilet: | ||||||||
| for toddlers and younger groups | 21-23 | 20-24 | 20-22 | 19-23 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,1 | 0,15 | |
| 19-21 | 18-25 | 18-20 | 17-24 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,1 | 0,15 | ||
| Bedroom: | |||||||||
| for toddlers and younger groups | 20-22 | 19-23 | 19-21 | 18-22 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,1 | 0,15 | |
| for middle and preschool groups | 19-21 | 18-23 | 18-22 | 17-22 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,1 | 0,15 | |
| lobby, stairwell | 18-20 | 16-22 | 17-19 | 15-21 | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Warm | Group bedrooms | 23-25 | 18-28 | 22-24 | 19-27 | 60-30 | 65 | 0,15 | 0,25 |
| Notes 1 In the kitchen, bathroom and pantry, the air parameters should be taken according to table 1. 2 For preschool institutions located in areas with the temperature of the coldest five-day period (security 0.92) minus 31 ° C and below, the allowable design air temperature in the room should be taken 1 ° C higher than that indicated in table 2. |
|||||||||
Table 3
Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity
in the service area of public and administrative buildings
| Period of the year | Room name or category | Air temperature, °С | Resulting temperature, °С | Relative humidity, % | Air speed, m/s | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| optimal | allowable | optimal | allowable | optimal | admissible, no more | optimal, no more | admissible, no more | ||
| Cold | 1 | 20-22 | 18-24 | 19-20 | 17-23 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,2 | 0,3 |
| 2 | 19-21 | 18-23 | 18-20 | 17-22 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,2 | 0,3 | |
| 3a | 20-21 | 19-23 | 19-20 | 19-22 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,2 | 0,3 | |
| 3b | 14-16 | 12-17 | 13-15 | 13-16 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,3 | 0,5 | |
| 3c | 18-20 | 16-22 | 17-20 | 15-21 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,2 | 0,3 | |
| 4 | 17-19 | 15-21 | 16-18 | 14-20 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,2 | 0,3 | |
| 5 | 20-22 | 20-24 | 19-21 | 19-23 | 45-30 | 60 | 0,15 | 0,2 | |
| 6 | 16-18 | 14-20 | 15-17 | 13-19 | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | Not standardized | |
| Bathrooms, showers | 24-26 | 18-28 | 23-25 | 17-27 | Not standardized | Not standardized | 0,15 | 0,2 | |
| Warm | Residential premises | 23-25 | 18-28 | 22-24 | 19-27 | 60-30 | 65 | 0,15 | 0,25 |
The local asymmetry of the resulting temperature should be no more than 2.5 °C for optimal and no more than 3.5 °C for acceptable indicators.
4.5 The calculation of the resulting temperature is given in Appendix A.
4.6 When providing microclimate indicators at various points of the serviced area, it is allowed:
- air temperature difference is not more than 2 °C for optimal performance and 3 °C - for acceptable;
- the difference in the resulting room temperature along the height of the serviced area - no more than 2 °C;
- change in the speed of air movement - no more than 0.07 m / s for optimal indicators and 0.1 m / s - for acceptable ones;
- change in relative air humidity - no more than 7% for optimal performance and 15% for acceptable.
4.7 In residential and public buildings, in accordance with regulatory and technical documents*, during the cold season during non-working hours, it is allowed to reduce the microclimate indicators, taking the air temperature below the standard, but not below:
_______________
- 15 °С - in residential premises;
- 12 °С - in public, administrative and household premises.
The normalized temperature must be provided before use.
5 Air quality
5.1 The air quality in the premises of residential and public buildings is ensured in accordance with the current regulatory and technical documents * with the necessary level of ventilation (the amount of air exchange in the premises), which ensures the permissible values of the carbon dioxide content in the premises. With a reduction in air exchange, a reduction in energy consumption by the ventilation system is ensured, as well as an increase in the energy efficiency of ventilation systems.
_______________
* Valid in the Russian Federation.
The required air exchange in the room can be determined in two ways:
- based on specific air exchange rates;
- based on the calculation of air exchange required to ensure acceptable concentrations of pollutants.
The air flow rates of ventilation systems taken to ensure air quality depend on the number of people in the room, their activities, technological processes (emissions of pollutants from household and office equipment, building materials, furniture, etc.), as well as heating and ventilation systems.
The use of the second method, based on the balance of hazards in the room, allows you to determine the air exchange, taking into account outdoor air pollution and a given level of air quality (comfort) in the room.
In this case, the determining harmful substance is carbon dioxide ( CO2) exhaled by humans. The equivalent of harmful substances emitted by fences, furniture, carpets, etc., is also carbon dioxide ( CO) By .
The requirements for indoor air quality should be adopted according to the design assignment in accordance with Table 4.
Table 4
Indoor air classification
Table 5
5.2 The amount of outdoor air supplied to the premises by the ventilation system per person to ensure a given air quality depends on the concentration of carbon dioxide in the outdoor air and the air distribution efficiency in the room.
The basic amount of outdoor air per person is shown in Table 4.
Depending on the efficiency of the air distribution system, the required outdoor air flow L, m³/h, in the ventilation system should be determined by the formula
L = η L δ, (1)
Where η - coefficient of efficiency of the air distribution system, determined by calculation or taken from table 6;
L δ- estimated minimum amount of outside air, m³/h.
Indicative values of the efficiency factor are given in table 6.
Table 6
Air distribution system efficiency factors
5.3 For children's institutions, hospitals and polyclinics, air quality indicators of the 1st class should be adopted.
For residential and public buildings, the air quality class should generally be adopted; Optimal air parameters for these buildings can be taken according to the design assignment, taking into account outdoor air pollution, the source of indoor air pollution.
6 Control methods
6.1 During the cold period of the year, the measurement of microclimate indicators should be performed at an outside air temperature not higher than minus 5 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements in a cloudless sky during daylight hours.
6.2 During the warm period of the year, the measurement of microclimate indicators should be carried out at an outside air temperature of at least 15 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements in a cloudless sky during daylight hours.
6.3 Measurement of temperature, humidity and air velocity should be carried out in a serviced area at a height of:
- 0.1; 0.4 and 1.7 m from the floor surface - for preschool institutions;
- 0.1; 0.6 and 1.7 m from the floor surface - when people stay indoors, mainly in a sitting position;
- 0.1; 1.1 and 1.7 m from the floor surface - in rooms where people mostly stand or walk;
- in the center of the serviced area and at a distance of 0.5 m from the inner surface of the outer walls and stationary heating devices - in the rooms indicated in Table 7.
Table 7
Measurement locations
| Building | Room selection | Place of measurement |
|---|---|---|
| Single-family | In at least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m² each, having two external walls or rooms with large windows, the area of which is 30% or more of the area of the external walls | In the center of the planes 0.5 m from the inner surface of the outer wall and the heater, and in the center of the room (the point of intersection of the diagonal lines of the room) at the height specified in 5.3 |
| Multi-apartment | At least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m² each in apartments on the first and last floors | |
| Hotels, motels, hospitals, child care facilities, schools | In one corner room of the first or last floor | |
| Other public and administrative | In every representative office | In the center of the planes 0.5 m away from the inner surface of the outer wall and the heater in rooms with an area of 100 m2 or more, measurements are carried out in areas whose dimensions are regulated in 5.3 |
In rooms with an area of more than 100 m², the measurement of temperature, humidity and air velocity should be carried out on equal areas, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich should not exceed 100 m².
6.4 The temperature of the inner surface of walls, partitions, floors, ceilings should be measured in the center of the corresponding surface.
For external walls with skylights and heaters, the temperature on the inner surface should be measured in the centers of the sections formed by lines that continue the edges of the slopes of the skylight, as well as in the center of the glazing and the heater.
6.5 The resulting room temperature should be calculated according to the formulas specified in Annex A. Air temperature measurements are carried out in the center of the room at a height of 0.6 m from the floor surface for rooms with people staying in a sitting position and at a height of 1.1 m in rooms with people staying in a standing position either by the temperatures of the surrounding surfaces of the fences (see Appendix A) or according to measurements with a ball thermometer (see Appendix B).
6.6 Local asymmetry of the resulting temperature t asu, °C should be calculated for the points given in 5.5 using the formula
t asu = tsu1 − tsu2, (2)
Where tsu1 And tsu2- temperatures, °C, measured in two opposite directions with a ball thermometer according to Appendix B.
6.7 Relative humidity in the room should be measured in the center of the room at a height of 1.1 m from the floor.
6.8 When manually registering microclimate indicators, at least three measurements should be taken with an interval of at least 5 minutes; with automatic registration, measurements should be taken within 2 hours. When compared with standard indicators, the average value of the measured values is taken.
The measurement of the resulting temperature should be started 20 minutes after the ball thermometer is installed at the measurement point.
6.9 Indicators of the microclimate in the premises should be measured by devices that have been registered and have the appropriate certificate.
The measuring range and the permissible error of measuring instruments must comply with the requirements of Table 8.
Table 8
Requirements for measuring instruments
Annex A (mandatory).
Calculation of the resulting room temperature
The resulting room temperature should be taken at an air velocity of up to 0.2 m/s equal to the temperature of a ball thermometer with a sphere diameter of 150 mm.
The resulting room temperature tsu, °C, at air speeds up to 0.2 m/s should be determined by the formula
tsu = (tp + r) / 2, (A.1)
Where tp- air temperature in the room, °С;
r- radiation temperature of the room, °C.
At an air speed of 0.2 to 0.6 m/s tsu, °C, should be determined by the formula
tsu = 0,6tp + 0,4r, (A.2)
radiation temperature r, °C, should be calculated:
According to the temperature of a ball thermometer according to the formula
r = tb + tm√V(tb − tp) , (A.3)
Where tb- temperature by ball thermometer, °C;
m- a constant equal to 2.2 with a sphere diameter of up to 150 mm;
V- speed of air movement, m/s;
According to the temperatures of the internal surfaces of fences and heating devices according to the formula
= Σ( A i t i) / Σ Ai, (A.4)
Where Ai- area of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, m²;
t i- temperature of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, °С.
Annex B (mandatory).
Ball thermometer device
A ball thermometer for determining the resulting temperature is a hollow sphere made of copper or other heat-conducting material, blackened on the outside (the degree of blackness of the surface is not lower than 0.95), inside which either a glass thermometer or a thermoelectric converter is placed.
A ball thermometer for determining the local asymmetry of the resulting temperature is a hollow sphere, in which one half of the ball has a mirror surface (the degree of emissivity of the surface is not higher than 0.05), and the other is a blackened surface (the degree of emissivity of the surface is not lower than 0.95).
The temperature of the ball thermometer measured in the center of the ball is the equilibrium temperature from radiative and convective heat exchange between the ball and the environment.
The recommended sphere diameter is 150 mm. The wall thickness of the sphere is minimal, for example, from copper - 0.4 mm. The mirror surface is formed by a galvanic method by applying a chrome coating. Sticking polished foil and other methods are allowed. Measurement range from 10 °С to 50 °С. The time spent by the ball thermometer at the measurement point before measurement is at least 20 minutes. Measurement accuracy at temperatures from 10 °C to 50 °C - 0.1 °C.
When using a sphere of a different diameter, the constant m should be determined by the formula
m = 2,2(0,15 / d) 0.4 , (B.1)
Where d- sphere diameter, m.
Bibliography
SP 60.13330.2010* "SNiP 41-01-2003 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning"
________________
* The document is not valid on the territory of the Russian Federation. Valid.
SanPiN 2.1.2.2645 Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for living conditions in residential buildings and premises
EN 13779-2007* Ventilation for non-residential buildings. Performance requirements for ventilation and air conditioning room systems (EN 13779-2007) (Ventilation for non-residential buildings - Performance requirements for ventilation and room-conditioning systems)
Keywords: indoor microclimate, optimal parameters, permissible parameters, air temperature, air velocity, relative air humidity, resulting room temperature, local asymmetry of the resulting temperature, air quality
I like
2Introduction date 1999-03-01
Foreword
- DEVELOPED by the State Design and Research Institute SantekhNIIproekt (GPKNII SantekhNIIproekt), the Research Institute of Building Physics (NIIstroyfizika), the Central Research and Experimental Design Institute for Housing (TsNIIEPzhilishcha), the Central Research and Experimental Design Institute of Educational Buildings (TsNIIEP Educational Buildings), the Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene. Sysin, Association of Engineers for Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, Heat Supply and Building Thermal Physics (ABOK).
INTRODUCED by Gosstroy of Russia
- ADOPTED by the Interstate Scientific and Technical Commission for Standardization, Technical Regulation and Certification in Construction (ISTCS) on December 11, 1996
Name of the state / Name of the state construction management body
Republic of Azerbaijan / Gosstroy of the Republic of Azerbaijan
Republic of Armenia / Ministry of Urban Development of the Republic of Armenia
Republic of Belarus / Ministry of Construction and Architecture of the Republic of Belarus
Georgia / Ministry of Urbanization and Construction of Georgia
Republic of Kazakhstan / Agency for Construction and Architectural and Construction Control of the Ministry of Economy and Trade
Kyrgyz Republic / Ministry of Architecture of the Kyrgyz Republic
Republic of Moldova / Ministry of Territorial Development, Construction and Public Utilities of the Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation / Gosstroy of Russia
Republic of Tajikistan / Gosstroy of the Republic of Tajikistan
Republic of Uzbekistan / Goskomarchitektstroy of the Republic of Uzbekistan
- INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
- ENTERED INTO EFFECT on March 1, 1999 by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated January 6, 1999 No. 1
Application area
This standard establishes the parameters of the microclimate of the serviced area of the premises of residential, public, administrative and domestic buildings. The standard establishes general requirements for optimal and permissible microclimate indicators and control methods.
The standard does not apply to the indicators of the microclimate of the working area of industrial premises.
The requirements set out in sections 3 and 4 regarding the permissible microclimate parameters (except for the local asymmetry of the resulting temperature) are mandatory.
Definitions, classification of premises
The following terms and definitions apply in this standard.
Served area of the premises (habitat area)- the space in the room, limited by planes parallel to the floor and walls: at a height of 0.1 and 2.0 m above the floor (but not closer than 1 mot of the ceiling for ceiling heating), at a distance of 0.5 m from the inner surfaces of the outer and inner walls, windows and heaters.
Residential premises- a room in which people are at least 2 hours continuously or 6 hours in total during the day.
Room microclimate- the state of the internal environment of the room, which has an impact on a person, characterized by indicators of air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility.
Optimal microclimate parameters- a combination of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide a normal thermal state of the body with minimal stress on thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room.
Permissible microclimate parameters- combinations of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and a decrease in efficiency with increased stress on thermoregulation mechanisms do not cause damage or deterioration of health.
Cold period of the year- the period of the year, characterized by an average daily temperature of the outside air, equal to 8 °C and below.
Warm period of the year- the period of the year, characterized by an average daily temperature of the outside air above 8 °C.
Radiation room temperature- the area-averaged temperature of the internal surfaces of the room enclosures and heating devices.
Resulting room temperature- a complex indicator of the radiation temperature of the room and the air temperature of the room, determined according to Appendix A.
Ball thermometer temperature- temperature in the center of a thin-walled hollow sphere, characterizing the combined effect of air temperature, radiation temperature and air velocity.
Local asymmetry of the resulting temperature- the difference in the resulting temperatures at the point of the room, determined by a ball thermometer for two opposite directions.
Air speed- air velocity averaged over the volume of the serviced area.
Room classification
Premises of category 1 - premises in which people in a lying or sitting position are in a state of rest and rest.
Premises of the 2nd category - premises in which people are engaged in mental work, study.
Premises For categories - premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position without street clothes.
Premises of category 3b - premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mainly in a sitting position in street clothes.
Premises of the 3v category - premises with a mass stay of people, in which people are mostly in a standing position without street clothes.
Premises of the 4th category - premises for practicing mobile sports.
Category 5 premises - premises where people are half-dressed (cloakrooms, treatment rooms, doctors' offices, etc.).
Premises of the 6th category - premises with temporary stay of people (lobbies, dressing rooms, corridors, stairs, bathrooms, smoking rooms, pantries).
Microclimate parameters
3.1 In the premises of residential and public buildings, optimal or acceptable microclimate standards in the serviced area should be ensured.
3.2 Required microclimate parameters: optimal, permissible, or combinations thereof - should be set in regulatory documents, depending on the purpose of the premises and the period of the year.
3.3 Parameters characterizing the microclimate of the premises:
air temperature;
air speed;
relative humidity;
resulting room temperature;
local asymmetry of the resulting temperature.
3.4 The optimal and permissible microclimate standards in the serviced area of the premises (in the established design parameters of the outside air) must correspond to the values \u200b\u200bgiven in tables 1 and 2.
Table 1
Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the serviced area of premises of residential buildings and hostels
- NN - not standardized
Note - Values in brackets refer to nursing homes and disabled people.
Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the serviced area of public buildings
- NN - not standardized
Note - For preschool institutions located in areas with the temperature of the coldest five-day period (security 0.92) minus 31 ° C and below, the allowable design air temperature in the room should be taken 1 ° C higher than indicated in the table.
- NN - not standardized
The local asymmetry of the resulting temperature should be no more than 2.5 °C for optimal and no more than 3.5 °C for acceptable indicators.
3.5 When providing microclimate indicators at various points of the serviced area, it is allowed:
- air temperature difference is not more than 2 °C for optimal performance and 3 °C - for acceptable;
- difference in the resulting room temperature along the height of the serviced area - no more than 2 °C;
- change in air velocity - no more than 0.07 m/s for optimal performance and 0.1 m/s - for acceptable ones;
- change in relative air humidity - no more than 7% for optimal performance and 15% - for acceptable.
3.6 In public buildings during non-working hours, it is allowed to reduce the microclimate indicators, provided that the required parameters are provided by the beginning of working hours.
Control methods
4.1 Measurement of microclimate indicators in the cold season should be performed at an outdoor temperature not higher than minus 5 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements in a cloudless sky during daylight hours.
4.2 For the warm period of the year, the measurement of microclimate indicators should be performed at an outside air temperature of at least 15 °C. It is not allowed to carry out measurements in a cloudless sky during daylight hours.
4.3 Measurement of temperature, humidity and air velocity should be carried out in a serviced area at a height of:
- 0.1; 0.4 and 1.7 m from the floor surface for preschool institutions;
- 0.1; 0.6 and 1.7 m from the floor surface when people stay indoors mainly in a sitting position;
- 0.1; 1.1 and 1.7 m from the floor surface in rooms where people mostly stand or walk;
- in the center of the serviced area and at a distance of 0.5 m from the inner surface of the outer walls and stationary heaters in the rooms indicated in Table 3.
In rooms with an area of more than 100 m2, the measurement of temperature, humidity and air velocity should be carried out on equal areas, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich should not exceed 100 m2.
4.4 The temperature of the inner surface of walls, partitions, floors, ceilings should be measured in the center of the corresponding surface.
Table 3
Measurement locations
| Type of buildings | Room selection | Place of measurements |
|---|---|---|
| Single-family | In at least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m2 each, having two external walls or rooms with large windows, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 30% or more of the area of the external walls | In the center of the planes 0.5 m from the inner surface of the outer wall and the heater and in the center of the room (the point of intersection of the diagonal lines of the room) at the height specified in 4.3 |
| Multi-apartment | At least two rooms with an area of more than 5 m2 each in apartments on the first and last floors | |
| Hotels, motels, hospitals, child care facilities, schools | In one corner room of the 1st or last floor | |
| Other public and administrative | In every representative room | The same, in rooms with an area of 100 m2 or more, measurements are carried out in areas whose sizes are regulated in 4.3 |
For external walls with light apertures and heaters, the temperature on the inner surface should be measured in the centers of the sections formed by lines that continue the edges of the slopes of the light aperture, as well as in the center of the glazing and heater.
4.5 The resulting room temperature should be calculated according to the formulas specified in Appendix A. Air temperature measurements are carried out in the center of the room at a height of 0.6 m from the floor surface for rooms with people staying in a sitting position and at a height of 1.1 m in rooms with people staying in a standing position either by the temperatures of the surrounding surfaces of the fences (Appendix A) or according to measurements with a ball thermometer (Appendix B).
4.6 The local asymmetry of the resulting temperature should be calculated for the points given in 4.5 using the formula
t asu = t su 1 - t su 2, (1)
where t su 1 and t su 2 are temperatures, °C, measured in two opposite directions with a ball thermometer (Appendix B).
4.7 Relative humidity in the room should be measured in the center of the room at a height of 1.1 m from the floor.
4.8 When manually registering microclimate indicators, at least three measurements should be performed with an interval of at least 5 minutes, with automatic registration, measurements should be taken within 2 hours. When compared with standard indicators, the average value of the measured values is taken.
The measurement of the resulting temperature should be started 20 minutes after the ball thermometer is installed at the measurement point.
4.9 Indicators of the microclimate in the premises should be measured by devices that have been registered and have the appropriate certificate.
The measurement range and the permissible error of measuring instruments must comply with the requirements of Table 4.
Table 4
Requirements for measuring instruments
APPENDIX A Calculation of the resulting room temperature (mandatory)
The resulting room temperature tsu at an air velocity of up to 0.2 m/s should be determined by the formula
(A.1)
where t p is the air temperature in the room, ° С;
t r - radiation temperature of the room, °C.
The resulting room temperature should be taken at an air velocity of up to 0.2 m/s equal to the temperature of a ball thermometer with a sphere diameter of 150 mm.
At an air speed of 0.2 to 0.6 m/s, t su should be determined by the formula
t su = 0.6 t p + 0.4 t k (A.2)
Radiation temperature tr should be calculated:
according to the temperature of the ball thermometer according to the formula
(A.3)
where t b - temperature according to a ball thermometer, ° С;
m is a constant equal to 2.2 with a sphere diameter of up to 150 mm or determined according to Appendix B;
V is the speed of air movement, m/s. according to the temperatures of the internal surfaces of fences and heating devices
, (A.4)
where A i is the area of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, m2;
t i - temperature of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, ° С.
APPENDIX B Ball thermometer device (reference)
A ball thermometer for determining the resulting temperature is a hollow sphere made of copper or other heat-conducting material, blackened on the outside (the degree of blackness of the surface is not lower than 0.95), inside which either a glass thermometer or a thermoelectric converter is placed.
A ball thermometer for determining the local asymmetry of the resulting temperature is a hollow sphere, in which one half of the ball has a mirror surface (the degree of emissivity of the surface is not higher than 0.05), and the other is a blackened surface (the degree of emissivity of the surface is not lower than 0.95).
The temperature of the ball thermometer measured in the center of the ball is the equilibrium temperature from radiative and convective heat exchange between the ball and the environment.
The recommended sphere diameter is 150 mm. The wall thickness of the sphere is minimal, for example, made of copper - 0.4 mm. The mirror surface is formed by a galvanic method by applying a chrome coating. Sticking polished foil and other methods are allowed. Measurement range from 10 to 50 °С. The time spent by the ball thermometer at the measurement point before measurement is at least 20 minutes. Measurement accuracy at temperatures from 10 to 50 °C - 0.1 °C.
When using a sphere of a different diameter, the constant m should be determined by the formula
m = 2.2 (0.15 / d) 0.4 , (B.1)
where d is the diameter of the sphere, m.
Keywords: microclimate, optimal and permissible indicators, technical requirements, test methods
From the moment a person built a dwelling with a roof, walls, floor and ceiling, he tried, as far as possible, to create more and more comfortable conditions inside this dwelling, which we now call the microclimate. The industrial and then the technical revolution caused the rapid growth of technologies that provide comfort in the premises. However, as the opportunities grow, so do the needs; the advanced technologies of yesterday are becoming the norm of today.
The modern standard for indoor microclimate parameters in our country is given in GOST 30494-96 “Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters".
The following terms and definitions apply in this standard.
Served area of the premises(habitat zone) - the space in the room, limited by planes parallel to the floor and walls: at a height of 0.1 and 2.0 m above the floor (but not closer than 1 m from the ceiling with ceiling heating), at a distance of 0.5 m from the inner surfaces of the outer and inner walls, windows and heaters.
Residential premises- a room in which people are at least 2 hours continuously or 6 hours in total during the day.
Room microclimate- the state of the internal environment of the room, which has an impact on a person, characterized by indicators of air temperature and enclosing structures, humidity and air mobility.
Optimal microclimate parameters- a combination of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, provide a normal thermal state of the body with minimal stress on thermoregulation mechanisms and a feeling of comfort for at least 80% of people in the room.
Permissible microclimate parameters- combinations of values of microclimate indicators, which, with prolonged and systematic exposure to a person, can cause a general and local feeling of discomfort, deterioration of well-being and a decrease in efficiency with increased stress on thermoregulation mechanisms do not cause damage or deterioration of health.
Cold period of the year- the period of the year, characterized by an average daily temperature of the outside air, equal to 8 °C and below.
Warm period of the year- the period of the year, characterized by an average daily temperature of the outside air above 8 °C.
The radiation temperature of the room is the temperature averaged over the area of the internal surfaces of the room's enclosures and heating devices.
Resulting room temperature- a complex indicator of the radiation temperature of the room and the air temperature of the room, determined according to Appendix A.
Ball thermometer temperature- temperature in the center of a thin-walled hollow sphere, characterizing the combined effect of air temperature, radiation temperature and air velocity.
Local asymmetry of the resulting temperature- the difference in the resulting temperatures at the point of the room, determined by a ball thermometer for two opposite directions.
Air speed- air velocity averaged over the volume of the serviced area.
This GOST 30494-96 has established the parameters characterizing the microclimate of the premises:
air temperature;
air speed;
relative humidity;
resulting room temperature;
local asymmetry of the resulting temperature;
and indicated the optimal and acceptable norms for them (tables 1.1 and 1.2).
Relative humidity in the room should be measured in the center of the room at a height of 1.1 m from the floor.
The resulting room temperature t su at an air velocity of up to 0.2 m/s should be determined by the formula
t su = 0.5 t p + 0.5 t r
where t p is the air temperature in the room, ° С;
t r - radiation temperature of the room, °С.
At an air speed of 0.2 to 0.6 m/s, t su should be determined by the formula
t su = 0.6 t p + 0.4 t r .
The radiation temperature t r should be calculated from the temperatures of the inner surfaces of the fences and heaters
t r = (A i t i) / A i ,
where A i - the area of the inner surface of fences and heaters, m 2;
t i - temperature of the inner surface of fences and heating devices, ° С.
Table 1.1
Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity in the serviced area of premises of residential buildings and hostels
|
Period of the year |
The name of a room |
Air temperature, °С |
Relative humidity, % | ||||
|
optimal |
admissible |
optimal |
admissible, no more |
optimal, no more |
admissible, no more |
||
|
Cold - |
Living room | ||||||
|
The same, in areas with the temperature of the coldest five-day period of minus 31 ° C and below | |||||||
|
Bathroom, combined bathroom | |||||||
|
Cold |
Premises for rest and study | ||||||
|
Inter-apartment corridor | |||||||
|
lobby, stairwell | |||||||
|
Storerooms | |||||||
|
Living room | |||||||
For premises of public buildings the following classification is given:
Table 1.2
Optimal and permissible norms for temperature, relative humidity and air velocity
in the serviced area of public buildings
|
Period of the year |
Air temperature, °С |
Relative humidity, % |
Travel speed air, m/s |
||||
|
optimal |
admissible |
optimal |
admissible, no more |
optimal, no more |
admissible, no more |
||
|
Cold | |||||||
|
Residential premises | |||||||
The requirements for indoor microclimate parameters are also reflected in the Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Residential Buildings and Premises SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00.
Heating and ventilation systems must provide acceptable microclimate and indoor air conditions. The optimal and permissible parameters of the microclimate in the premises of residential buildings are shown in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3
Optimal and permissible parameters of the microclimate in the premises of residential buildings
|
Name of premises |
Air temperature, 0 C |
Relative humidity, % |
Air speed, m/s |
|||||
|
optimal |
admit - May |
optimal |
allowable |
optimal |
admissible |
|||
|
Cold period of the year | ||||||||
|
Living room | ||||||||
|
The same, in areas of the coldest five-day period ≤ -31 0 C | ||||||||
|
Bathroom, combined bathroom | ||||||||
|
Inter-apartment corridor | ||||||||
|
lobby, stairwell | ||||||||
|
Storerooms | ||||||||
|
Warm period of the year | ||||||||
|
Living room | ||||||||
N / N - not standardized.
In case of water heating, the surface temperature of heating devices should not exceed 90 0 C. For devices with a heating surface temperature of more than 75 0 C, protective barriers must be provided.