Heating scheme of an apartment building with 5 floors. The heating system of an apartment building. Heating of an apartment building: scheme

As you know, most of the housing stock in Russia is carried out through centralized heating. Recently, this scheme for supplying heat to apartments and houses of our compatriots has been increasingly criticized due to imperfection, the use of outdated equipment and the lack of self-adjustment. Over the years of its existence, the centralized heating system has proven its effectiveness and right to life. This article will consider the structure, principle of operation, advantages and disadvantages of the central heating of apartment buildings.

Purpose and structure

Central heating is a rather complex and extensive engineering network, a feature of which is the generation and supply of heat and hot water from a source to a group of buildings and structures through a main pipeline.

This system includes several structural elements:

1. The source of thermal energy is a boiler house or CHP. The first, to transfer heat to heated rooms, heat water by burning gas, fuel oil, coal. In heating plants, initially, steam is produced, which, by rotating turbines, becomes a source of electricity, and after cooling, it is used to heat the coolant. Thus, heated water is supplied to the heating systems of consumers.
2. The main pipeline is used to transport the coolant from the source to the consumer. This system is a complex and extended network of two large-diameter heat pipes (supply and return), which are laid underground or above ground.
3. Consumers of thermal energy are considered to be equipment that uses a coolant to transfer heat to a heated room.

All modern heating systems (CO) can be classified according to the following criteria:

• the type of coolant they use;
• work schedule;
• method of connection to a source of heat and hot water.

There are the following types of heating systems:

• Water.
• Steam.
• Air.

Each of them has its own characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and characteristics, which will be discussed below.

Water heating systems for apartment buildings are most common in the Russian Federation. They are easy to operate and allow you to move the coolant over long distances without a significant deterioration in its performance. The temperature of the coolant in these COs can be controlled centrally.

Air COs are less common due to high operating costs. A huge plus is the possibility of using hot air for space heating and organizing a ventilation system.

The steam heating system is most often used in industrial facilities. This is primarily due to the need for this coolant for production needs. Since this steam does not create a large hydrostatic pressure when moving steam, pipes of smaller diameter are used in steam COs.

All types of CO can be divided into two groups according to the schedule of thermal energy consumption: year-round or seasonal cycle.

According to the method of connecting CO to the heat supply source, heating systems can be dependent and independent.

Firstly, the coolant is supplied directly from the source to the consumer. In the second case, the heated coolant enters the heat exchanger through which water circulates. It is the water heated in this way that enters the CO of an apartment building.

According to the method of connecting hot water to the heat supply system, all COs are divided into open and closed. In open, hot water is taken directly from the heating system. In a closed water heating system, hot water is heated in source heat exchangers.

Principle of operation and design features

In centralized heating, everything is arranged quite simply: the source produces the coolant of the required temperature and delivers it through the heating network system to the central heat receiving point, where the water temperature is corrected. From the central heating station, the coolant flows directly to the heated facilities, at the inlet of which house valves and filter elements are installed.

Important! Shut-off valves on the coolant water to the house CO allow you to disconnect the common house heating circuit from the central heat supply system in case of emergency and in the summer, when the house heating system is not functioning.

After entering the common house CO, the coolant enters the elevator, which brings the temperature of the coolant to the standard values ​​that allow it to be used by heating devices. Today, as part of the thermal modernization of houses, elevator systems are being replaced with automated heating system control units.

Stop valves are usually installed behind the elevator to control the supply of coolant to the entrances. According to the latest requirements, heat meters are mounted on the heating inputs to the entrance. Further, through the risers, the coolant is supplied directly to consumers.

Advantages and disadvantages

District heating has its pros and cons. Among the advantages are:

• Reliability, which is ensured by special services subordinate to municipal authorities.
• Environmentally friendly, thanks to the use of environmentally friendly equipment.
• Simplicity due to the lack of the ability to independently adjust the pressure and temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of this heating system are:

• Seasonality, which does not allow the end user to use CO in the off-season.
• The inability to independently adjust the temperature of the radiators.
• High heat losses due to the length of heating networks.

And as a conclusion: the imperfection of the district heating system has become one of the reasons for the high tariffs for heating and hot water. That is why many of our compatriots, by hook or by crook, are trying in every possible way to abandon this CO and switch to an autonomous heating option with an individual gas boiler.

Tip: Central heating is an important engineering system at home. That is why any intervention in it carries penalties. If you have problems with space heating, do not repair or upgrade the CO on your own, contact the management organization.

Reading time: 11 minutes

The heating system of an apartment building is designed to provide residents with warmth in the cold season. Residential owners are rarely interested in the organization of the heating system. Everything changes if the tenants decide to replace the radiators or completely abandon the centralized heat supply, making it autonomous. Let's discuss the types and design of heating systems and figure out how to disconnect from communal heating.

Varieties of heating systems

To understand how heating is arranged in apartment buildings, it is important to navigate the variety of types of heating systems. They are classified according to several criteria, in particular:

• structure and device;
• wiring system;
• the location of the boilers;
• characteristics of heat carriers.

Consider the most common classification criteria in more detail.

According to the placement of heating equipment

Depending on the location of the sources that generate heat, the following types of heating systems for an apartment building are distinguished:

• Apartment heating. Such a system involves the placement of a heating boiler in each apartment, usually in the kitchen, in a specially designated room or in the corridor. The system is typical for two-story houses built in the 50s.
• Central heating. The most common heat supply system in a typical building. The principle of operation is to transfer the generated heat from the central thermal power plant to local heating points and boiler houses, which distribute it to homes.
• Individual heating. It is characterized by the presence in a separate high-rise building of its own boiler room, serving one or more nearby houses. It is maintained by the managing organization (housing and communal services enterprise), but is the common property of residents who independently decide on its launch.

According to the properties of the heat carrier

Depending on the heat carrier used in the systems, the following types of heating are distinguished:

1. Water. The most common coolant is heated water, which is transferred to the premises through pipes and radiators. In this system, water circulation can be natural (gravity) and artificial (using a pump). The system is characterized by large radiators and significant heat losses during heat transfer over distances.
2. Steam. The heat carrier is water vapor. The system is characterized by small dimensions of radiators, low cost of heat production and absence of losses in heat exchangers. At the same time, due to the high temperatures of the carrier, according to modern building codes, steam is considered dangerous and is prohibited for use in residential premises. It is often combined with a water system, when the heat from the boiler room to the building is transferred by steam, and then transferred to a liquid carrier.
3. Air. Air as a heat carrier is successfully used in individual residential buildings, industrial buildings, retail space. Its essence lies in the generation of hot air and forced airflow of the territory. The advantage lies in the ability to control the temperature and air flow in real time depending on the needs.

According to the method of wiring the system

The layout of the heating system in high-rise buildings is traditionally divided into horizontal and vertical.

Depending on the method of placing pipes in the premises, wiring also happens:

• top,
• bottom,
• combined.

Horizontal wiring

The horizontal wiring of the heating system assumes the presence of one heat riser on the territory of the house, from which the floor-by-floor wiring of internal heating mains is made.

Such a system has a number of undeniable advantages:

• installation of metering devices in each apartment;
• the ability to turn off individual residential premises;
• individual design of heating in the apartment.

As a rule, such a system is used for low-rise MKD. This is due to the fact that its effective operation is possible only if the necessary circulation of the coolant is ensured and high pressure is maintained in the line.

Here is what the horizontal wiring diagram looks like.

Vertical wiring

Vertical wiring has been used in the design of heating systems since Soviet times. It is characterized by the presence of several heat risers on the territory of the MKD, to which radiators are connected.

This method allows you to minimize heat loss and independently regulate the temperature in each battery, therefore it has found wide distribution in multi-apartment buildings of standard buildings above 5 floors.

In addition, the vertical system allows you to make both upper and lower piping, mount lines under the ceiling or under the floor. However, it has a number of features:

• allows you to install a thermostat or weather controller on each individual battery to maintain a comfortable microclimate in the room;
• a used heat meter is installed on each riser, since it is impossible to install individual meters for all apartments;
• in the event of a breakdown, it is easy to disconnect any radiator from the system.

Vertical and horizontal wiring have their own advantages for a separate layout.

Both schemes of the heating system of apartment buildings can be one- and two-pipe.

By way of connecting devices

The choice between one-pipe and two-pipe heating systems depends on how the water riser is connected to the radiators.

Single pipe line

As the name implies, a single-pipe system involves connecting heating devices through one circuit and connecting them with a single pipe. It is characterized by a sequential arrangement of batteries and a gradual flow of coolant from one to another. Because of this, the single-pipe heating system of a multi-storey building has a negative feature: each subsequent radiator in the circuit is colder than the previous one.

This disadvantage can only be compensated by installing batteries with a large number of sections - the higher the floor, the larger the heated area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe radiator should be.

There are other downsides:

• it is not recommended to change the system configuration so as not to affect its performance;
• it is impossible to install thermostats and other control devices.

Due to the relatively short length of the system, a small number of pipes are needed, so the user saves on installation.

Two-pipe line

A two-pipe heating system involves the installation of a riser, consisting of two elements: a supply pipe and a "return". The supply pipe is separately supplied to each radiator through the main, providing them with the same temperature coolant, regardless of the floor and place in the circuit. After that, water of a lower temperature passes into the return line, through which it leaves for the next heating.

The benefits include:

• the ability to change the configuration of the highway without loss of performance;
• the ability to install control devices;
• saving the surface of heat transfer devices.

It is not surprising that the two-pipe scheme is so common in residential construction.

How the MKD heating system works

To see how the heating system works, you need to go down to the basement of a multi-storey building. But we will help you understand the device of the heating main without it.

The system begins with a valve that cuts off the house fragment from the central heating main. The valve is a line of division of responsibility: before this element, the responsibility for the main is borne by the heating network, after that - by the managing company.

The district heating scheme of an apartment building located behind this valve looks like this:

Elevator unit: mud collectors, DHW valves, elevator, heating circuit valves, water discharges from the system → filling pipe → risers and jumpers → heaters → return riser and so on.

All these key nodes have their own characteristics. We propose to dwell on each of the elements of the system in more detail - without this it is difficult to understand how heating works in an apartment building.

Elevator node

The elevator assembly begins immediately after the inlet valves. Following them are:

1. Mud collectors are devices that trap persistent mechanical particles in water, such as scale or rust.
2. Hot water taps on the supply and return pipes. The placement of one or more tie-ins is practiced, which ensures round-the-clock supply of hot water to the system.
3. A heat metering unit, which is usually mounted between the DHW tie-in and the elevator.
4. The elevator is the key device of the elevator assembly. Thanks to him, we get water of the required temperature in the system. The fact is that water heated to 110-150˚С circulates through the heating mains. The design of the elevator makes it possible to mix the supply liquid with cooled water from the return flow, introducing a coolant with a temperature of 90-95˚С into the system. With the help of this design, the heating system is adjusted: the wider the opening of the nozzle for supplying water to the elevator, the higher the temperature in the batteries.
5. Heating circuit valves - valves that repeatedly disconnect the house from the central highway and heat supply.
6. Drain valves - taps for draining the system in case of its repair or replacement of hot water with cold water in the summer.

Filling pipes, risers and circulation direction

Immediately after the discharge valve, a pipeline begins at the supply, passing into the risers. It's called a "pipe". Heating risers in an apartment building diverge from it.

The principle of installation of risers is always the same - this is a system that delivers the coolant to the radiators on the floors. Depending on the construction and design of the house, the direction of water supply and circulation may differ.

Riser designs are different. Considering the direction of water circulation, systems with top and bottom filling are distinguished.

Top filling system

Heating with top filling is a standard scheme for mass multi-storey Soviet residential buildings.

Although all the key elements are concentrated in the basement, the filling pipe leads to the attic of the house, where the entrances to the risers are mounted. The first tap is also located here, allowing you to disconnect the riser from the system, expansion tanks and air valves. The second tap is placed in the basement, at the end of the riser.

The return line is located in the basement. It is mounted parallel to the supply filling pipe in such a way that each riser is a jumper for the supply and return pipes.

The upper heating distribution of a high-rise building has a significant minus - a linear drop in the temperature of the coolants to the lower floors. Such losses are compensated by increasing the area of ​​heating devices, the number of their sections or the number of radiators.

The top filling has other characteristic features for it:

• starting the system is simple - just open both supply valves and air valves so that circulation starts by itself;
• disconnecting / connecting individual risers, on the contrary, causes problems, because the valves are located both in the attic and in the basement;
• if properly designed, it takes a few seconds to eject the carrier from the riser.

Bottom filling system

Houses with a lower filling are both five- and nine-story. Heating according to this scheme involves the installation of supply and return pipes in the basement with alternate pairwise connection of risers to them.

In the upper part of the system, paired risers are interconnected by jumpers. This happens either in the attic or in the apartment on the top floor. An air valve is located on the jumper, which creates certain problems for locksmiths:

• if the jumper is placed in the attic, this is fraught with freezing of the system even with a short stop in circulation - the lack of thermal insulation affects;
• when the jumper is in the apartment, access to it is limited, which creates difficulties when starting the system during the heating season.

Radiators

Since large-scale construction was carried out on the territory of the Russian Federation during the Soviet period, in most houses there are three types of radiators:

• Cast iron. They are characterized by impressive weight, poor heat dissipation (up to 150 W per section), regular leaks and unaesthetic appearance. Because of this, apartment owners seek to get rid of them, replacing them with more modern models.
• Steel (convectors). This type of radiators became widespread in the 90s. Its design consists of a tube wrapped in coils, with welded-on steel plates that increase heat transfer.
• Bimetallic. The most modern type of MKD heating equipment, which was massively installed in the 2000s. The modern design and high-tech materials (steel and aluminum or copper and aluminum) ensure the strength of the radiators and high heat output (about 200 W per section).

Since heat in apartments becomes more expensive every year, residents of houses are increasingly changing old heating appliances. In this case, several important points should be taken into account:

1. The diameter of the heating pipe in the apartment. When replacing radiators, do not change the pipes themselves. This can affect performance and lead to system imbalance. In case of replacement, use pipes of the same diameter (usually 20-30 mm).
2. When installing a device in front of the radiator that regulates the permeability of the coolant, it is necessary to put a jumper between it and the riser. Without it, the regulator will affect the patency not only in the radiator, but throughout the riser.
3. Replace appliances during the warm season. For those who are interested in whether water is drained from the heating system in summer, we answer: the liquid is constantly in the batteries. However, it is in summer that the replacement of radiators creates minimal discomfort for the owner and other residents. In addition, restarting the water into the system allows you to make sure that there are no leaks even before the start of the heating season.

Starting heating in a high-rise building

The performance of the heating system depends not only on its design features, but also on the correct start. Uneven heating of individual floors or risers, air vents, massive leaks are common consequences of a locksmith's inattention to start-up rules.

To properly start heating in an apartment building, you must adhere to the following order:

1. Preliminary pressure testing - hydraulic testing of the system for its tightness and integrity.
2. To carry out a smooth start of the coolant through the house line. The circulation pumps are started at minimum speed so that the water slowly fills the system.
3. Fill the pipeline through the return line to reduce unnecessary stress on old radiators and force air out of the system.
4. Release the remaining air at the high points of the system through the air valves.
5. When heating is supplied to the apartments, the degree of heating and the performance of all radiators in the house should be checked. If the tenants do not complain, the batteries warm up, there are no leaks, the heating and circulation pumps start up at the required power.

Installing a heating meter

Many people are not satisfied with payment for heat at the average tariff based on consumption norms. In this regard, some prefer to install a heat meter and pay only for the received heat.

The design features of heating systems, in particular, the massively widespread vertical wiring, do not allow for apartment-by-apartment metering of consumed heat, whether it is at least an open or closed heating system of a high-rise building.

The only way out is door-to-door accounting. In this case, the procedure will be as follows:

1. The managing organization develops technical conditions for the installation.
2. Housing department or residents independently purchase a heat meter.
3. Based on the documents for the meter, a project for its installation is developed and agreed with the heat supply organization.
4. The metering device is being installed, the heat supply representative seals the meter, draws up the appropriate act.

Temperature norms

Adjusting the heating in a residential apartment building is quite difficult. Even if the residents have access to the system and the ability to increase / decrease the heat supply, it is not always possible to find a common language with the neighbors. In this case, it is worth focusing on the current regulations.

Temperature standards are regulated in accordance with GOST R 51617-2000, approved. by the resolution of the State Standard No. 158-st of 06/19/2000. According to this document, the minimum temperature in apartments during the heating season should be:

• in living rooms, toilets, in the kitchen - at least 18˚С;
• in the bathroom - not lower than 25˚С;
• in corner rooms, regardless of purpose, as well as for families where people with disabilities live - 2 ° C above the established norm.

If the indicators in your apartment are lower, you can safely demand an increase in temperature.

What to do if the batteries are cold

What could be worse than cold batteries in winter? This is not only discomfort and violation of temperature standards, but also a threat to get sick.

It is important to know that Government Decree No. 354 dated 05/06/2011 limits the timing of a possible emergency shutdown of heat. They should not exceed 24 hours in total per month, and last no more than 16, 8 and 4 hours in a row, if the temperature is not lower than 12, 10, and 8°C, respectively.

If during the heating period the radiators remain cold, you need to contact:

1. In the dispatching service of the heating network. If they do not know the reasons, they are obliged to check the absence of heat.
2. To the managing organization (or others). Maybe they're doing the renovations.
3. To the city housing inspectorate with a complaint about violation of housing regulations.
4. To law enforcement agencies (Rospotrebnadzor, the prosecutor's office), if the heat is not restored on time and the problem is not solved.

If the heating network does not see a problem, an independent heating expert may be required.

Is it possible to put an individual boiler in the apartment

Many Russians would like to switch to individual heating. Today it is more real than even 10 years ago, but it is still associated with a considerable number of obstacles.

Since the installation of an individual boiler involves the reconstruction of the heating system in an apartment building, the owner of the apartment needs to:

• obtain the consent of the neighbors;
• issue a permit in the heating network for disconnection from central heating and dismantling of heating appliances;
• if a gas boiler is installed, obtain technical specifications for its installation at a local gas station;
• draw up a conclusion of the VDPO on the presence and serviceability of the chimney;
• coordinate a new heating project in the heating network, if there is a technical possibility of reorganization, and pay for installation work.

And this is not all the problems that await the owner.

Refusal and trimming of heating in the apartment

Refusal of central heating is the most difficult stage in the installation of an individual boiler. However, not wanting to put up with the policy of local heating networks, some decide to completely cut off the central heating supply of an apartment in an apartment building, without installing their own boiler.

Whatever the reasons for this, the initiator of such a decision will face stiff resistance from representatives of the heating network, housing departments and, probably, other residents of the MKD.

According to paragraph 6 of the Rules, approved. By Government Decree No. 491 of 08/13/2006, the heating system (risers, heating elements, any other equipment on the highway), even if it passes through a specific apartment, is the common property of residents.

This single system is designed to heat the entire house, and not just one apartment. Therefore, interference in general house communications is possible only with the consent of all owners of residential premises. In practice, few neighbors will agree to such a pruning, because this can cause imbalance and disruption of the entire system.

The house is designed for uniform heating. If one of the apartments is not heated, there will be a temperature difference, which will lead to the slow destruction of the house.

The only chance to cut off the batteries is to get a court decision that the in-house heating system is not the common property of the residents.

What documents are required for cropping

In order for the court to allow the pruning and reorganization of the system, in addition to the statement of claim and other standard papers, the initiator must provide:

• registration certificate and title documents for housing;
• the consent of the residents of the entire building to intervene in the heating system or proof that it is not the common property of the residents;
• the conclusion of a specialized expert organization on the technical feasibility of rebuilding the heating system;
• a house heating project, taking into account the changes that will be made after trimming;
• calculation of residual heating from risers and deck chairs.

Shutdown procedure

If the court makes a positive decision, the trimming procedure will be as follows:

• trimming of radiators with welding and cutting of all connections;
• jumper insert into risers;
• if this is an apartment on the top floor, transferring the jumper between the paired risers to the neighbors below;
• careful isolation of the riser along its entire length in the apartment;
• preparation by an employee of the heating network of an act on disconnection from central heating and termination of the contract for the provision of heat.

Even if the batteries are cut, the homeowner is obliged to provide locksmiths with access to risers.

Conclusion

The heating system of a high-rise building can have a different design. The scheme of its device is of interest to the inhabitants only when the carousel of domestic problems associated with heating begins. Leaks, low temperatures in the apartment, installation of a meter or an individual boiler force residents to delve into the design of the system. Important to remember: any changes to the heating configuration must be agreed. Otherwise, you can provoke a breakdown of the heating, and a substantial fine is imposed for the act itself.

Video: Heating device in an apartment building.

Lawyer. Member of the Chamber of Advocates of St. Petersburg. Experience more than 10 years. Graduated from St. Petersburg State University. I specialize in civil, family, housing, land law.

The constructive varieties of heating systems of multi-storey residential buildings arose as a result of the gradual development of building technologies, an increase in the number of storeys and the desire of developers to obtain the best performance at the lowest construction costs.

Most residents are usually not interested in the device and principles of operation of the central heating of an apartment building. This issue may become relevant only in the event of a decrease in the level of comfort in the premises and the need for adjustment or when carrying out repairs with the replacement of pipelines and batteries.

General classification

Heating systems in large urban buildings can be classified according to the type of heat source and the piping scheme used to connect the heating appliances. Heat supply to apartments can come from:

• centralized urban heating networks;
• an autonomous boiler house serving only one building;
• individual boilers installed in each individual apartment.

To distribute heat to individual rooms, the heating scheme of an apartment building may provide for the following general house piping schemes:

• single-pipe;
• two-pipe;
• collector or beam.

Each of these schemes and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed in more detail below.

The heat carrier used for heat supply

Hot water is used as a heat carrier circulating through pipelines and radiators. In central heating networks and autonomous boiler houses, it is treated in a special way to remove dissolved oxygen, hardness salts and insoluble impurities. This makes it possible to make less corrosive effect on metal pipes, to avoid scale deposits and the formation of silty blockages.

Prepared water is more expensive than ordinary tap water, and therefore its discharge to repair the heating system of an apartment building and its subsequent filling in order to start it can only take place with the permission and under the control of the heat supply or operating organization. Unauthorized draining of the coolant from the heating entails an administrative penalty in the form of a fine.

In individual apartment heating, such preparation is not provided due to the small amount of circulating water and the guarantee that there is no leakage.

Supply from city networks

We have inherited district heating of multi-storey residential buildings as a legacy of planned management from the time of the existence of the Soviet Union. Today, this method of providing the housing stock with thermal energy is still the most common.

The main advantage of central heating is that residents of houses do not have to deal with issues related to the operation and repair of equipment and pipelines. The annual launch and necessary overhaul of networks is the responsibility of the city heat supply organization. With centralized and autonomous heating, individual elements can be repaired or redone only in agreement with the heat supply organization.

The disadvantages of such engineering systems are considered to be large heat losses in distribution networks, the dependence of the population on the quality of work of the heat supply organization and the impossibility of providing individual comfort conditions.

The design supply temperature in urban networks can be in the range of 90-115˚C, and existing regulations for the safe operation of equipment prohibit heating accessible hot surfaces above 60˚C to prevent possible burns.

Therefore, a special elevator assembly was installed at the pipe entry into the building. It mixes the hot coolant from the supply with chilled water from the return, returning from the consumer, changing the temperature to an acceptable one. Calculation of elements, maintenance of elements and change of the control nozzle of the elevator is carried out only by employees of the heat supply organization.

Autonomous boiler room for one building

Heat sources serving only one city house have been built in the last two decades. Boilers are installed in a special room on the roof, in an annex or in a separate building near the residential building. The level of automation of such a boiler house does not require the constant presence of maintenance personnel and can provide central dispatch control over the operation of the equipment.

The absence of large distribution networks eliminates the use of superheated water, which reduces heat loss and increases the level of comfort. The coolant is supplied to the apartments through the main risers located at each entrance or immediately through the pipes of the upper wiring if the boiler room is installed on the roof.

Boilers in apartments

This option for heating an apartment in an apartment building has been used relatively recently in modern new buildings and residential buildings after reconstruction. Autonomous apartment structures provide the highest level of comfort in the apartment. The owners themselves determine the temperature schedule for the operation of the boiler, regardless of third-party heat supply organizations. Such a system starts and stops only when necessary, avoiding unnecessary consumption of energy resources.

Among the disadvantages of individual heating are the need to provide maintenance and repair of installed equipment and dependence on stable electricity in the network. Many residents are faced with the necessary choice of a company for professional service and the development of additional protection.

Types of in-house distribution systems

For the quantitative distribution of the coolant inside the MKD, pipes are used, through which water moves:

• from the bottom up from the basement or underground;
• from above from the attic or upper floor;
• along the main riser of the entrance with the subsequent connection of each apartment.

The adopted method of distribution affects the uniformity of the operation of the heaters and the level of accessibility for regulation and the implementation of ongoing repairs.

Bottom heat supply

The central heating system with the lower distribution of the coolant usually works in apartment buildings up to six floors high, while it can be structurally one-pipe or two-pipe.

Schemes with single pipe supply

In this case, heating water is supplied through one vertical riser with successive passage through all installed radiators. On the last floor, the pipe passes horizontally into the next room and again falls vertically. The risers themselves are connected to an organized wiring of distribution decks in the basement of the building, running along the outer wall.

The advantage of this design lies in the minimum consumption of pipes required for installation. Therefore, such thermal schemes were widely used in Soviet design developments, when design organizations received awards for saving materials. However, the main disadvantage of a single-pipe system is the uneven distribution of heat between consumers. The first battery of water is the hottest, and the last one will not be heated enough.

To change the situation, an improved Leningradka scheme was developed. It provides for the presence of a closing jumper between the two pipes for connecting the heater, which allows you to adjust the flow. In this case, part of the hot coolant passes by the radiator, and the heat distribution is more correct. However, as practice has shown, many enterprising residents began to install taps on these lintels and close them, which again led to the previous situation.

Two-pipe system

By the name of this scheme, it can be understood that the supply in the risers is carried out through one pipeline, and the chilled water is discharged through another. The heat in this case is supplied more evenly, since the supply temperature is the same on all batteries. However, the installation of a second riser almost doubles the consumption of pipes for installation, compared with single-pipe circulation. That is why in Soviet times two-pipe wiring was not widely used.

Operational practice has shown that the use of two pipes is not ideal and does not completely solve the problem of proper heat distribution. The hydraulic distribution of flows gives the first hike of water to the devices a clear advantage and launches more coolant into them. As a result, the lower floors are heated more efficiently, while the upper ones are worse. Performing forced adjustment does not give any effect in practice. After a while, the tenants will independently return everything to its original state.

Top heat supply

It is used in houses with a height of more than seven floors. In each entrance, the coolant is supplied upwards to the attic or the last floor through the main large-diameter riser. After that, it is diverted to single-pipe risers through distribution pipes and goes down with the successive passage of each heater.

For high-rise buildings over 12 floors, the entire structure can be divided into two or three separate blocks vertically and a separate distribution of water flows for each of them. In this case, the building design often provides for the presence of a special technical floor or distribution wiring is carried out inside the apartments. In the basement or technical underground, all risers are again connected to one return pipeline.

The advantages and disadvantages of such systems are fully consistent with the traditional one-pipe systems described above, with an even greater difference in the quality of heating between the upper and lower floors. Quite often, the residents of the first floors are forced to live in the cold.

Separate connection for each apartment

The principle of operation of heat supply schemes with individual heat distribution provides for the installation of a supply and return pipeline of large diameter, passing through the entrance or located in a technical niche. All apartments are connected to this main riser separately. At the pipe inlet, a meter can be installed to organize the accounting of consumed energy, and control valves to organize the necessary temperature conditions in the premises.

The heat carrier inside the apartment can be distributed according to a horizontal one-pipe, two-pipe or beam pattern. The last version of water heating provides for a separate connection of each heating radiator to the distribution manifold. This allows not only to ensure uniform distribution of heat, but also to supply the required amount of hot water to each radiator, maintaining a minimum coolant temperature.

Apartment beam or collector circuits are by far the most efficient and reliable in operation and maintenance. The presence of a heat meter allows residents to independently control their expenses for heating the apartment. However, high capital costs for installation are not yet satisfactory for most companies and significantly limit the widespread use of beam distribution systems in residential construction.

Residents of city apartments are usually not interested in how the heating works in their house. The need for such knowledge may arise when the owners wish to increase comfort in the house or improve the aesthetic appearance of engineering equipment. For those who are going to start repairs, we will briefly talk about the heating systems of an apartment building.

Types of heating systems for apartment buildings

Depending on the structure, characteristics of the coolant and piping layouts, the heating of an apartment building is divided into the following types:

According to the location of the heat source

• Apartment heating system, in which the gas boiler is installed in the kitchen or in a separate room. Some inconveniences and investments in equipment are more than offset by the ability to turn on and regulate heating at your discretion, as well as low operating costs due to the absence of losses in heating mains. If you have your own boiler, there are practically no restrictions on the reconstruction of the system. If, for example, the owners wish to replace the batteries with warm water floors, there are no technical obstacles to this.
• Individual heating, in which its own boiler room serves one house or residential complex. Such solutions are found both in the old housing stock (stokers) and in new elite housing, where the community of residents decides for themselves when to start the heating season.
• Central heating in an apartment building is most common in typical housing.

The device of central heating of an apartment building, heat transfer from the CHP is carried out through a local heat point.

According to the characteristics of the coolant

• Water heating, water is used as a heat carrier. In modern housing with apartment or individual heating, there are economical low-temperature (low-potential) systems, where the temperature of the coolant does not exceed 65 ºС. But in most cases and in all typical houses, the coolant has a design temperature in the range of 85-105 ºС.
• Steam heating of an apartment in an apartment building (water vapor circulates in the system) has a number of significant drawbacks; it has not been used in new houses for a long time, the old housing stock is being transferred to water systems everywhere.

According to the wiring diagram

The main heating schemes in apartment buildings:

• Single-pipe - both the supply and return selection of the coolant to the heating devices is carried out along one line. Such a system is found in "Stalinka" and "Khrushchev". It has a serious drawback: the radiators are arranged in series and, due to the cooling of the coolant in them, the heating temperature of the batteries drops as they move away from the heat point. In order to maintain heat transfer, the number of sections increases in the direction of the coolant. In a pure one-pipe circuit, it is impossible to install control devices. It is not recommended to change the configuration of the pipes, install radiators of a different type and size, otherwise the operation of the system may be seriously impaired.
• "Leningradka" is an improved version of a one-pipe system, which, thanks to the connection of thermal devices through a bypass, reduces their mutual influence. You can install regulating (non-automatic) devices on radiators, replace the radiator with a different type, but with a similar capacity and power.

On the left is a standard one-pipe system, to which we do not recommend making any changes. On the right - "Leningrad", it is possible to install manual control valves and correctly replace the radiator

• The two-pipe heating scheme of an apartment building has become widely used in Brezhnevka, and is still popular to this day. The supply and return lines are separated in it, so the coolant at the entrances to all apartments and radiators has almost the same temperature, replacing radiators with a different type and even volume does not significantly affect the operation of other devices. Batteries can be equipped with control devices, including automatic ones.

On the left - an improved version of the one-pipe scheme (analogous to the "Leningrad"), on the right - a two-pipe version. The latter provides more comfortable conditions, precise regulation and gives more opportunities for replacing the radiator.

• The beam scheme is used in modern non-standard housing. The devices are connected in parallel, their mutual influence is minimal. Wiring, as a rule, is carried out in the floor, which allows you to free the walls from pipes. When installing control devices, including automatic ones, accurate dosing of the amount of heat in the premises is ensured. Technically, both partial and complete replacement of the heating system in an apartment building with a beam scheme within the apartment with a significant change in its configuration is possible.

With a beam scheme, the supply and return lines enter the apartment, and the wiring is carried out in parallel by separate circuits through the collector. Pipes are usually placed in the floor, radiators are connected neatly and discreetly from below

Replacement, transfer and selection of radiators in an apartment building

We will make a reservation that any changes in apartment heating in an apartment building must be coordinated with the executive bodies and operating organizations.

We have already mentioned that the fundamental possibility of replacing and transferring radiators is due to the scheme. How to choose the right radiator for an apartment building? Consider the following:

• First of all, the radiator must withstand pressure, which is higher in an apartment building than in a private one. The greater the number of floors, the higher the test pressure can be, it can reach 10 atm, and in high-rise buildings even 15 atm. The exact value can be obtained from the local operating company. Not all radiators sold on the market have the corresponding characteristics. A significant part of aluminum and many steel radiators are not suitable for an apartment building.
• Is it possible and how much to change the thermal power of the radiator, depends on the applied scheme. But in any case, the heat transfer of the device must be calculated. For one typical section of a cast-iron battery, the heat transfer is 0.16 kW at a coolant temperature of 85 ºС. Multiplying the number of sections by this value, we get the thermal power of the existing battery. The characteristics of the new heater can be found in its technical data sheet. Panel radiators are not assembled from sections, they have fixed dimensions and power.

Average heat transfer data of various types of radiators may vary depending on the specific model

• The material also matters. Central heating in an apartment building is often characterized by poor quality of the coolant. Traditional cast-iron batteries are the least sensitive to pollution, aluminum batteries react the worst to aggressive environments. Bimetallic radiators showed themselves well.

Installing a heat meter

A heat meter can be installed without problems with a beam wiring diagram in an apartment. As a rule, modern houses already have metering devices. As for the existing housing stock with standard heating systems, this is not always possible. This depends on the specific scheme and configuration of pipelines, advice can be obtained from the local operating organization.

An apartment heat meter can be installed with a beam and two-pipe wiring diagram, if a separate branch goes to the apartment

If it is not possible to install a metering device for the entire apartment, compact heat meters can be placed on each of the radiators.

An alternative to an apartment meter is heat meters placed directly on each of the radiators

Note that the installation of metering devices, the replacement of radiators, and other changes to the heating device in an apartment building require prior approval and must be carried out by specialists representing an organization that has a license to carry out the relevant work.

Video: how heating is supplied in an apartment building

teploguru.ru

Heating system of an apartment building: one-pipe and two-pipe

In the Russian Federation, for the most part, the heating systems of multi-storey buildings are centralized, that is, they operate from a thermal power plant or a central boiler house. But the water circuits themselves are mounted differently, that is, they can be made both single-pipe and two-pipe.

For passive users, this does not matter, but in the case of a major overhaul of an apartment with your own hands, you will have to learn how to understand these nuances.

Two-pipe and one-pipe radiator connection system

Scheme of independent central heating

First, let's pay attention to the local or autonomous heating system, used mostly in the private sector and in rare cases (as an exception) in multi-storey buildings. In such cases, the boiler house is located directly in the building itself or near it, which allows for correct adjustment of the coolant temperature.

But the price of autonomy is quite high, so it is easier to build a thermal power plant or one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area with it. The heat carrier from the center is supplied to heating points through the main pipes, from where it is already distributed to the apartments. Thus, it is possible to make additional adjustment of the coolant supply at the TP using circulation pumps, that is, such a supply principle is called independent.

Scheme of dependent central heating

There are also dependent heating systems, as in the photo above, this is when the coolant enters the apartment radiators directly from the CHP or boiler house, without additional distribution. But the temperature of the water does not depend on whether there are distribution points or not. Such nodes basically serve as something like an additional circulation pump in an autonomous heating system.

It is also possible to divide the systems into closed and open ones, that is, in a closed hot water supply system, the coolant from the CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, where it is separately supplied to the radiators, and separately to the DHW (hot water supply). Open heating systems do not provide for such distribution, and the selection for hot water supply occurs directly from the main. Therefore, in open systems outside the heating season, it is impossible to provide residents with hot water.

Connection types

It is not in your power to change the scheme of the centralized water circuit, therefore, the heating system of an apartment building can only be adjusted at the level of your apartment. Undoubtedly, there are situations when, in a single building, residents completely redo the system, but here the so-called “location to the area” comes into force, and the principles of heating with one or two pipes remain unchanged.

On this page you can also watch a video clip that will help you understand the topic.

Single pipe heating system

Scheme of one-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

• Single-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. That is, water in such a circuit is supplied from the bottom up, getting into the radiators in each apartment and giving off heat, because the water cooled in the device returns to the same pipe. The coolant reaches the final destination already pretty cool, so complaints are often heard from the residents of the upper floors.

Scheme for connecting radiators of a single-pipe heating system

• But sometimes such a system is simplified even more, trying to raise the temperature in the radiators, and for this they are cut directly into the pipe. It turns out that the radiator itself is a continuation of the pipe, as shown in the diagram below.

Scheme of connecting radiators through a pipe

• Only the first users benefit from such a connection, and the water gets even colder into the last apartments. In addition, the ability to adjust the radiators is lost, because by reducing the flow in a single battery, you reduce the flow throughout the pipe. It also turns out that during the heating season you will not be able to change the radiator without draining the water from the entire system, therefore, in such cases, jumpers are installed to turn off the device and direct water through them.
• For single-pipe heating systems, the ideal solution would be to arrange the radiators in size, that is, the first batteries should be the smallest and, gradually increasing, the largest devices should be connected at the end. Such a distribution could solve the problem of uniform heating, but, as you understand, no one will do this. It turns out that the savings on the installation of the heating circuit translates into problems with the distribution of heat and, as a result, into complaints from residents about the cold in the apartments.

Two-pipe heating system

Scheme of two-pipe connection of multi-storey buildings

• A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Take a look at the heatsink wiring diagram below and you'll see why.

Scheme for connecting radiators to a two-pipe heating system

• In a two-pipe heating circuit, the cooled water from the radiator is no longer returned to the same pipe, but is discharged into the return channel or into the "return". Moreover, it does not matter at all whether the radiator is connected from a riser or from a lounger - the main thing is that the temperature of the coolant remains unchanged throughout its entire route through the supply pipe.
• An important advantage in a two-pipe circuit is the fact that you can regulate each battery separately and even install thermostatic taps on it to automatically maintain the temperature. Also in such a circuit, you can use devices with side and bottom connections, use dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

DHW in the heating system

Scheme of a single-pipe DHW system

• Hot heating systems in Russia for multi-storey buildings are mainly centralized, and water for hot water supply is heated by a heat carrier in central heating points. Hot water supply can be connected from a single-pipe or two-pipe heating circuit.
• Depending on the number of pipes in the line (one or two), you can get either warm or cold water at the hot water tap in the morning. For example, if you have a single-pipe heating system in an apartment building with 5 floors, then by opening a hot tap, during the first 20-30 seconds you will get cold water from it.

In a one-pipe system, hot water may not appear immediately

• This is explained very simply - at night there is practically no analysis of hot water, and the water in the pipe cools down. When you open the faucet, the water from the central heating system is supplied to your house, that is, there is an analysis and the cooled water is drained until hot water appears. This disadvantage also causes water overspending, because you simply drain unnecessary cold water into the sewer.
• In a two-pipe system, the circulation of water is continuous, so there are no such problems. But sometimes a riser with heated towel rails is looped through the hot water system, then this turns into a problem - they are hot even in summer!
• Many people have a question, why does hot water disappear with the end of the heating season, and sometimes for a long time? The fact is that the instruction requires post-heating tests of the entire system, and this takes time, especially if you are in a damaged area. But here it is possible to characterize public utilities very positively, as they try by any means, even by changing the supply scheme, to provide citizens with hot water - after all, this is their income.
• Also, in the middle of summer, the entire heating system is waiting for current and major repairs, when certain sections have to be turned off. With the onset of autumn, the repaired sections are being tested and some places may not withstand, and this is again a shutdown. Do not forget that the system is still centralized!

Radiators for centralized heating system

Columnar cast iron radiator

• Many of us have long been accustomed to cast-iron radiators, installed since the construction of the house, and even, if the need arises, they are replaced with similar ones. For centralized heating systems, such batteries are good enough because they can withstand high pressure, so the battery has two digits in the passport, the first of which indicates the working pressure, and the second - pressure testing (test). For cast iron appliances, this is usually 6/15 or 8/15.

Sectional bimetallic radiator

• But in a nine-story building, the working pressure usually reaches 6 atmospheres, so the batteries described above are quite suitable, but in a 22-story building the pressure can reach 15 atmospheres, so steel or bimetal appliances are more appropriate here. Only aluminum radiators are not suitable for central heating, as they will not withstand the operating state of the centralized circuit.

Recommendations. If you started a major overhaul in the apartment and want to also replace the radiators, then if possible, replace the wiring pipes. These ½ or ¾ inch pipes are probably also not in very good condition and it is better to use ecoplastic instead. Steel and bimetallic (sectional or panel) radiators have narrower waterways than cast iron ones, so they can become clogged and lose power.

To prevent this from happening, put a regular filter on the water supply to the battery, which is installed in front of the water meter.

Conclusion

If the heating system of a multi-storey building does not live up to our expectations, then we often scold utilities or even a particular plumber, but in 99% of cases they do not deserve it. The main problems with heat arise due to the design of the water circuit and the maintenance personnel are no longer able to change anything.

heating-gid.ru

Heating system in an apartment building: types, pressure testing, calculation and drain

A very serious place in creating a pleasant atmosphere in apartments in apartment buildings is occupied by high-quality heating. Now the heating system of an apartment building is somewhat different in design from an autonomous one, it is it that provides heat in apartments even in the most severe cold. Below we will talk about what types of systems are, what is the optimal temperature in them, how repairs are made.

The heating system of any modern multi-storey building requires mandatory compliance with the conditions specified in the regulatory documentation - SNiP and GOST. According to these standards, the temperature in the apartment should be maintained with the help of heating in the range of 20–22 ° C, and humidity - 30–45%.

It is possible to achieve such indicators with the help of a special design, installation of high-quality equipment. Even during the design of a heating system in an apartment building, that is, the creation of a scheme, professional heat engineers calculate all the necessary characteristics, achieve the same coolant pressure in the pipes on both the first and upper floors.

One of the key features of a modern centralized heating system for a high-rise building is operation on superheated water. It goes from the combined heat and power plant with a temperature in the range of 130–150 ° C to the heating system of an apartment building and a pressure of 6–10 atm. Due to the high pressure, steam formation does not occur in the system. In addition, it allows you to direct water even to the highest point of the house.

The temperature of the water going back through the system (return) is approximately 60–70 ° C. In winter and summer, this indicator may differ, since the values ​​\u200b\u200bare dependent only on the environment.

• Temperature chart of the heating system

Types of heating systems in an apartment building

In our country, the central heating system of an apartment building is widely used. Here, the city boiler house (CHP) supplies the coolant. However, water circuits are built according to two different schemes: one-pipe and two-pipe. In most cases, consumers are rarely interested in such issues. However, as soon as it is time to make repairs and install new modern heating radiators, these details need to be known.

• Individual heating in residential buildings

This type of heat supply is not often used, but over the past few years it has become more common in new homes. In addition, local heating systems are installed in the private sector. If there is an individual heating system in an apartment building, the boiler room is located in a separate room located in the same building, or in close proximity, since it is important to control the degree of heating of the coolant.

The price of this type of heating in an apartment building is quite high, that is, it is more profitable to launch one boiler house that can warm and provide hot water to an entire microdistrict.

• Central heating system of an apartment building

The coolant goes from the central boiler house through the main pipelines to the heat unit of the MKD, after which it is distributed to the apartments. Its additional adjustment according to the degree of supply is carried out at the heat point itself by means of circular pumps.

Various schemes for organizing central heating developed in our time make it possible to figure out which heating system is in an apartment building, to make several classifications into certain categories.

According to the mode of consumption of thermal energy:

• seasonal, heat supply is necessary only during the cold season;
• year-round, requiring constant heating.

Type of coolant used:

• Water - the most widely used type in MKD. The advantages of such heating systems in an apartment building are ease of use, the ability to transfer the coolant from afar (while not compromising quality indicators, centrally adjusting the temperature if necessary), good sanitary and hygienic qualities.
• Air - such heating systems of apartment buildings are capable of both heating and ventilation of buildings; due to the high cost, this system is less widely used.
• Steam - are recognized as the most profitable, since pipes of small diameter are taken for heating, the hydrostatic pressure in the heating system in an apartment building is small, which facilitates its maintenance. True, this variety is recommended for objects that require, in addition to heat, the supply of water vapor (this includes mainly industrial facilities).

According to the method of connecting the heating system to the heat supply:

• An independent heating system of an apartment building - the water circulating through it or steam in the heat exchanger transfers heat to the coolant (water) in the heating system.
• Dependent heating system of an apartment building - the coolant heated by the heat generator is directly supplied to consumers through networks.

According to the method of connection to the hot water heating system:

• Open heating system of an apartment building - heated water comes from the heating network.
• Closed heating system of an apartment building. Here, water is taken from the general water supply, the transfer of thermal energy to it is carried out in the network heat exchanger of the central.

The device of the heating system in an apartment building

• One-pipe heating system of an apartment building

Single-pipe heating systems for apartment buildings, due to their economy, have many disadvantages, and the main one is a large heat loss along the way. The water in this circuit is directed from the bottom up, getting into the radiators of all apartments and transferring heat to them. The water cooled in the device goes into the same pipe. She comes to the last apartments having already lost significant amounts of heat. For this reason, residents of the upper floors often complain about the cold.

In some cases, this scheme is made even simpler, trying to increase the temperature in the radiators - they are cut directly into the pipe. Then the battery becomes part of the pipe.

From such an intervention in the heating system of an apartment building, users whose apartments are closest to the beginning of the circuit benefit, while the water reaches the last consumers even more cooled. In addition, now it is impossible to regulate the level of heat in the apartment, because if you reduce the flow in such a radiator, the water flow in the entire system will decrease.

While the heating season is in progress, the owner will not be able to replace such a battery without invading the intra-house heating system of an apartment building and without draining the coolant. For such cases, jumpers are installed that make it possible, by turning off the device, to save the coolant flow.

In the presence of single-pipe systems, the most reasonable approach would be to install batteries in size: small ones should be placed at the beginning of the system, and, gradually increasing in size, the largest appliances should be connected in the last apartments. Such a move would overcome the difficulties of uniform heating, but, obviously, it is not used in practice. Thus, saving money on the installation of a heating circuit is followed by difficulties with heat distribution and complaints about cold apartments.

• Two-pipe heating system of an apartment building

A two-pipe heating system in an apartment building can be open and closed, but it allows you to keep the coolant in the same temperature regime for radiators of any level. Look at the connection diagram of the radiators, then it will become clear what this feature is connected with.

The principle of the heating system in an apartment building with a two-pipe circuit is as follows: the liquid from the radiator that has lost thermal energy is not sent to the pipe through which it came, but goes into the return channel. It does not matter how the radiator is connected: from the riser or from the lounger. The bottom line is that the level of heating of the coolant is stably maintained throughout the entire supply pipe.

Another important plus of a two-pipe circuit is that residents can regulate each battery individually or install thermostatic taps that automatically maintain the required temperature. In addition, such a circuit allows you to choose batteries with side and bottom connection, dead-end and associated movement of the coolant.

Adjustment of the heating system in an apartment building

Adjustment of this system in MKD is necessary, since it consists of pipes of different diameters. The speed and pressure of the liquid together with steam, and hence the level of heat, vary in direct proportion to the diameter of the pipe opening. In order for this procedure to be carried out correctly, products of different diameters are used.

The pipes of the heating system of an apartment building with a maximum size (100 mm) are located in the basements. With them, the connection of the entire system begins. Pipes with a diameter of no more than 50-76 mm are installed in the entrances for uniform distribution of thermal energy.

Unfortunately, such an adjustment does not always contribute to the desired heating effect. This affects the inhabitants of the upper floors, where the temperature drops dramatically. This process can be balanced by starting the hydraulic heating system. This step involves the connection of circulation vacuum pumps, which ensures that the automatic pressure control system starts working. Installation and start-up take place in the collector of a separate building. Accordingly, the heating distribution system changes along the entrances, floors of an apartment building. When the number of floors exceeds two, the start-up of the system is necessarily accompanied by pumping for water circulation.

• What is the procedure for calculating the payment for heating by metering devices

How is the payment for heating in an apartment building calculated?

Very often, having paid bills for heating, tenants complain about the management company. In some apartments, people are constantly freezing, in others, on the contrary, they open windows to cool the room. These examples clearly demonstrate how imperfect the heating system of an apartment building is (its principle of operation, scheme), and the payment for heat is unfairly high.

You can deal with these problems by installing apartment heating meters. The maximum benefit will then be received by the owners who are also going to install a thermal energy controller as the final stage of preparing the premises for insulation.

Which meters are suitable for the heating system in an apartment building under different schemes?

• Single-pipe schemes with a vertical type of wiring - one meter is installed per riser and a separate temperature sensor for all batteries.
• Two-pipe circuits with a vertical type of wiring - it is necessary to install a meter, a temperature sensor on each radiator.
• Single-pipe schemes with a horizontal type of wiring - one meter per riser is enough.

In houses with the first two wiring diagrams, residents usually prefer the installation of a common house meter. When the wiring is done according to the third type, the choice of one device per apartment is more justified.

In the form of measuring instruments that make it possible to determine the volume of the coolant passed through each of the radiators, ultrasonic or mechanical controllers for the consumption of thermal energy act.

Structurally and functionally, mechanical type meters are considered the simplest. Their principle of operation in the heating system in an apartment building is based on the conversion of the translational energy of the coolant movement into the rotation of the measuring elements.

Ultrasonic models measure the time difference during the passage of ultrasonic vibrations in the direction and against the flow of the liquid. The predominant number of such devices is powered by autonomous energy sources - lithium batteries. They are enough for more than a decade of uninterrupted service.

To install a separate meter in an MKD, the owner needs:

1. obtain information about the technical conditions from the heat supply organization or from the balance holder of the building;
2. create an installation project together with licensed masters in this field;
3. install the heat meter in full compliance with the technical specifications and the project originally developed;
4. sign an agreement with the supplier of thermal energy on payment according to the readings of the meter.

The most widely used option for a multi-storey building is the installation of a common meter to calculate the heat energy used.

In the case of installing one device on the riser of an apartment building, the formula is used for calculation:

Po.i = Si * Vt * TT,

where Si is the total area of ​​an apartment building; Vt - the average volume of heat energy consumed per month based on the readings of the previous year (Gcal / sq. m); TT - tariffs for the consumption of thermal energy (rubles/Gcal).

• divide the meter reading for the previous year by 12;
• divide the resulting number by the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe house, taking into account all heated premises: basements, attics, porches. You will receive the average amount of thermal energy consumed per square area per month.

However, several legitimate questions follow from the foregoing.

Where can I get the energy consumption figures for the previous year, given that the total meter has just appeared? There is nothing complicated here. During the first year from the date of installation of the metering device, the owners pay, as before, according to the tariffs. Only after a year will it be possible to use this formula to calculate the monthly payment.

How to calculate the required amount of heat, starting from the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe apartment

There is an easy formula for this. For 10 square meters of living space, on average, no more than 1 kW of heat is needed. The value is adjusted according to coefficients depending on the region:

• for houses in the south of the country, the required amount of energy is multiplied by 0.9;
• for the European zone of the country (for example, the Moscow region) take a coefficient of 1.3;
• for the Far North, eastern regions, the need increases by 1.5–2 times.

Let's do a simple calculation. Let's imagine that it is important for us to find out the amount of heat energy for an apartment in an MKD in the Amur Region. This region is characterized by a rather cold climate.

The area of ​​this room in a multi-storey building is 60 m2. We take into account that approximately 1 kW of thermal energy is spent on heating 10 m2 of housing. According to the climate features of the area, a coefficient of 1.7 is selected.

We translate the area of ​​​​the apartment from units to tens, this gives us the number 6, multiply it by 1.7. As a result, the required value is 10.2 kW, otherwise 10,200 watts.

The calculation method described here is very easy. But it entails significant errors associated with such situations:

• the amount of heat energy required directly depends on the volume of the apartment. Obviously, to warm a living space with ceilings 3 meters high, it will need more;
• a large number of windows, doors, which increases the consumption of thermal energy, when compared with monolithic walls;
• the location of apartments at the ends or in the middle of the building also greatly affects heat costs if standard batteries of the heating system of an apartment building are installed.

The basic, standardized value of sufficient heat output per 1 cubic meter of living space is 40 watts. Based on this figure, it is easy to find out how much heat is required for the entire apartment or for individual rooms.

If you want to most accurately calculate the required amount of thermal energy, you will have to not only multiply the volume by 40, but also throw about 100 W on all windows and 200 W on doors, after which the same regional coefficients are used as in the calculation by area apartments.

What is pressure testing of the heating system in an apartment building

Pressure testing of a heating system is a hydraulic (or pneumatic) test of its components, which allows you to find out its tightness, ability to work at the design operating pressure of the coolant, as well as during water hammer. This procedure allows you to detect potential leaks, strength, quality of installation, to ensure stable operation throughout the cold season.

Pressure testing, that is, hydraulic (water), in some cases, and pneumatic (compressed air) tests of heating systems are launched:

• immediately after the heating system of an apartment building is installed and put into operation;
• in systems that have already been used;
• as a result of repair work, replacement of any part;
• during inspections before all heating seasons;
• at the end of the heating season (in MKD).

In multi-apartment residential buildings, industrial, administrative premises, pressure testing is performed by certified employees of the services that operate and maintain these systems.

The course of pressure testing of the heating system of an apartment building varies in accordance with the type and number of floors in the building, the complexity of the system (the number of circuits, branches, risers), the wiring diagram, the material, the wall thickness of the elements (pipes, batteries, fittings), etc. Typically, such tests are hydraulic - carried out by pumping water. However, pneumatic ones are also possible - with excess air pressure. Since the hydraulic type is more common, let's talk about it first.

• Hydraulic pressure testing in an apartment building

Before starting such tests, preliminary work is carried out:

• inspection of the elevator (feed unit), main pipes, risers and other parts of the system;
• examination of the presence and integrity of thermal insulation on heating mains.

For a system that has been operating for more than 5 years, it is recommended to flush with a compressor to flush the heating system of an apartment building before pressure testing.

Hydraulic pressing works like this:

• the system is filled with water (if it was just installed, flushing was carried out);
• excess pressure is pumped in it by an electric or manual pump;
• using a manometer, it is checked whether the pipes retain pressure (within 15–30 minutes);
• if the pressure is maintained (the readings of the pressure gauge do not change) - the system is tight, without leaks, the elements cope with the crimping pressure;
• if there is a decrease in pressure, all parts (pipes, connections, batteries, accessories) are checked to detect water leakage;
• after determining this place, it is sealed or the entire element is replaced (part of the pipe, connecting fitting, shutoff valve, battery, etc.), the tests are duplicated.

The water pressure during these tests depends on the operating pressure of the system. It can change due to the material of pipes, batteries. For new systems, the pressing pressure should exceed the working pressure by 2 times, for already used ones - by 20–50%.

All types of pipes and radiators are produced under a certain allowable pressure. With this in mind, the maximum working pressure and pressure for testing are established. For cast iron batteries, the operating pressure in the heating system of an apartment building is a maximum of 5 atm. (bar), but remains within 3 atm. (bar). The check is carried out here, pumping up to 6 atm. And systems with convector-type batteries (steel, bimetallic) are subjected to greater pressure, up to 10 atm.

Pressure testing of the input unit is carried out separately, with a pressure of at least 10 atm. (1 MPa). This requires electric pumps. The tests are considered successful if the indicator fell by no more than 0.1 atm in half an hour.

• Pressurization of the heating system of an apartment building with air

Air system checks are rarely performed. They are possible in small buildings, when hydraulic tests are not suitable for some indicators. Let's say we want to know if the system is installed with high quality, but water, injection equipment is not available.

Then an electric air compressor, a mechanical (foot, manual) pump with a pressure gauge are connected to the make-up or drain valve, and excess pressure is created. It can be no more than 1.5 atm. (bar), because if there is a depressurization of the connection, a rupture of the system at high pressure, there is a possibility of injury to the inspectors. Plugs are used instead of air valves.

Pneumatic tests are associated with a longer exposure of the system under high pressure. Since air is compressed, which is not the case with liquid, therefore, long-term stabilization and equalization of pressure in the circuit are necessary. At the first stage, the pressure gauge may show a decrease in performance, even if everything is tight. After the air pressure has stabilized, it is important to maintain it for another half an hour.

• Pressure testing of open heating systems

To pressure test the heating system in an open-circuit apartment building and the principle of operation, it is necessary to seal the connection point of the open expansion tank. This can be done with a ball valve installed on a pipe with water. When pumping liquid, it plays the role of an air valve, and as soon as the system is filled, that is, before the pressure is built up, the valve is closed.

The operating pressure of such heating systems of an apartment building usually varies depending on the height of the expansion tank: for 1 m of its deviation from the level of entry into the return boiler, 0.1 atm of overpressure is given in this place. In one-story houses, it is placed under the ceiling, in the attic. The water column then corresponds to 2–3 m, and the excess pressure to 0.2–0.3 atm. (bar). If the boiler room is located in the basement or in two-story houses, the difference between the level of the expansion tank and the boiler return reaches 5–8 m (0.5–0.8 bar). A lower liquid overpressure (0.3–1.6 bar) is then created for hydraulic testing.

In addition to this feature, pressure testing of open systems (one-pipe and two-pipe) does not differ from testing closed ones.

Repair of the heating system of an apartment building

There are three main types of repair of heating systems.

• Emergency. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the heating system after an accident: a break in the riser, a break in the battery supply, defrosting the heating in the entrance.
• Current. Allows you to identify minor faults, conduct a scheduled check of the shut-off valves, its revision and installation of a new one instead of an already used one. Some of these problems are detected by residents, the latter make themselves known during planned detours, the rest - when preparing the system for winter.
• Overhaul is associated with a complete or partial change of equipment. Here, all pipes can be dismantled, replaced with metal-plastic ones, and radiator plates installed instead of those that have worked out their due date.

Now let's talk about the malfunctions that each type of repair of the heating system of an apartment building struggles with.

• Emergency repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Let's take a look at the most common "diseases" of the system faced by emergency locksmith teams and their normal methods of treatment.

There is no heating on the riser. They look at valves, discharges of the heating system of an apartment building: uncoordinated repairs are often to blame. If no faults are found here, the risers are distilled for discharge in both directions, which makes it possible to localize the fault. A malfunction can be provoked by a piece of slag in a pipe bend, a sunken screw valve valve. If the problem is fixed, and the water flows without a hitch through the riser, the air must be bled on the top floor.

Fistula in the heating pipe. It happens that there is no risk of complete destruction of the riser, the liner, then the emergency team makes a bandage that eliminates the leak. Then the current repair team welds the place.

Leaking lock nuts in front of the radiator. The riser is dropped, the thread is rewound. If it has suffered due to corrosion, the squeegee on the eyeliner is replaced by welding, manual threading.

Strong leakage between sections of radiators. The reason here is a burst nipple. The risers are dropped, the battery is removed and moved.

The flush valve does not close after flushing the radiator. The riser is dropped, the valve gasket is replaced.

Driveway heating is defrosted. The riser is turned off, the affected sections are removed, the working radiator is started. The emergency team restores connections, registers, etc. by welding.

Defrosted driveway heating radiator. You just need to disconnect the last sections.

• Current repair of the heating system of an apartment building

Below we will talk about the repair of heating systems carried out by housing and communal services workers in preparation for the cold season.

Revision of shut-off valves in the elevator heating unit. Here they watch the work of all relief, control valves, valves (if necessary, they are repaired). Periodic maintenance is in progress: seals are stuffed, rods are lubricated.

Repair of valves consists of replacing the gasket. Even a beginner can do it himself without having serious skills, but the revision, repair of valves will be more difficult.

If necessary, the expansion wedge between the cheeks is replaced, it is welded on, the mirrors are lapped in the body, on the cheeks, the stem is restored, the pressure ring on the stuffing box is replaced, and other work is carried out in the heating system of an apartment building.

Revision of the cast-iron valve on the stand. By the appearance of this part, it is difficult to understand the need for repair.

Revision and repair of stop valves on risers is an equally important task. Even with a small leak, you have to dump the whole house. In frosts, this can lead to defrosting of the contour sections, which is most important in the entrances.

The rewinding of the locknuts on the risers should also take place periodically.

Replacement of heating risers, elimination of various small leaks in pipes and welds between them. A solution to this problem is chosen according to the situation: a small fistula in the apartment is welded, and a heavily corroded section of the pipe of the heating system of an apartment building is replaced. In the basement, small fistulas are most often bandaged with a collar with a gasket, dense rubber and annealed wire.

Maintenance crews also carry out maintenance of the heating system: starting, stopping heating, removing air congestion (if the inhabitants of the upper floors themselves cannot) and annual hydropneumatic flushing of heating.

• Overhaul of the heating system of an apartment building

There is a certain sequence of signing contracts for the overhaul of the heating system.

1. A defective statement is written for the planned overhaul with an approximate list of necessary work and consumables.
2. A tender is announced for the supply of equipment, repairs. Any municipal, private enterprise that has among the services offered “repair of the heating system” (OKDP code 453) can participate in it - it is paid during registration.
3. An agreement is signed with the winning company, which includes a list of necessary services, the procedure for calculation and control, guarantees and liability of the parties, and a dozen more points.
4. Further work is completed by the satisfaction of the parties or litigation.

But in practice, the contract is often concluded with a service organization and its teams of emergency, current repairs, which repair the heating systems of apartment buildings in their free time. This method justifies itself: the performer strives to do everything perfectly, because troubleshooting after a poor-quality repair will fall on his own shoulders.

What works fall under the term "overhaul"? Their list is short:

• full or partial replacement of risers and heating pipes;
• complete or selective replacement of heating devices;
• replacement of the entire elevator assembly or shutoff valves in it;
• full or partial replacement of heating spills.

All works are carried out during the warm season, after the heating season.

• How to get rid of overpayment for heating

Why do I need to flush the heating system in an apartment building

The efficiency of the heating system of an apartment building is declining for two unavoidable reasons.

1. Radiators and horizontal sections of pipes become silted over time. This becomes a disaster for places where the coolant flows slowly: spills, connections to the radiator and directly to the radiators.

Where does sediment come from? It includes sand, rust crumbs, scale from welding, everything that is carried by heating mains. CHP constantly takes and heats such large volumes of liquid that it is impossible to clean them to an ideal state.

2. The disease of steel pipes without anti-corrosion coating is mineral deposits. Salts of calcium and magnesium narrow the lumen, forming a hard coating on the inner walls. This is only a problem with steel pipes. Galvanization and lines with an internal polymer coating are not subject to such deposits.

Silt, sand and other suspensions reduce the speed of water movement in the heater. Gradually, their volume grows, and water enters only the first sections. Deposits are sometimes the cause of the inoperability of a section of the circuit when the pipe lumen is clogged.

Therefore, flushing this system, documented by the act, restores the required efficiency. It is important to remember that for MKD, the frequency of flushing this system is indicated in SNiP 3.05.01-85 and is equal to 1 year.

How to flush the heating system in an apartment building

• Chemical flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Chemical flushing works in the following situations.

1. It is necessary to restore the functioning of the MKD heating system, which has been in operation for several decades. Silting, which cannot be avoided, overgrowing of steel pipes leads to a frightening decrease in efficiency during this time.

But ungalvanized steel pipes corrode so badly over decades that the benefits of treatment may not be visible. The fact is that chemicals corrode rust, and during pressure testing, many new leaks are found.

2. It is necessary to remove deposits from the gravity system, consisting of steel pipes. Most of them accumulate in the heat exchanger of the boiler or furnace; sludge is distributed throughout the spill, large volumes are observed at its lower part.

When flushing, a chemical is poured into the heating circuit instead of water. It is a solution of alkali (usually caustic soda) or acid (phosphoric, orthophosphoric, etc.). Then the pump, which is part of the equipment for flushing the heating system of an apartment building, starts continuous circulation in the circuit, lasting several hours. After this reagent is drained, and a new pressure test is carried out.

The cost of a flushing reagent starts from five to six thousand rubles per 25 liters. According to the rules of housing maintenance, it is impossible to drain the used substance into the sewer, although if there is no other way out, this composition is neutralized with a special agent.

• Hydropneumatic flushing of the heating system of an apartment building

Such flushing of the heating system has long been widely used by domestic housing and communal services and has managed to prove itself well. But it is only effective when used correctly.

The instructions for flushing the heating system are not so complicated: the circuit is discharged into the sewer, first from the supply to the return, then in the opposite direction. At the same time, a powerful pneumatic pump pumps air into the water. The pulp, passing along the entire contour, washes out part of the scale, silt.

The flushing of the heating system used in housing and communal services works as follows:

• on the return pipeline, the house valve is closed;
• a compressor for flushing the heating system of an apartment building is connected to the metering valve at the supply after the house valve;
• the reset on the return line opens;
• when the pressure in the ballast tank of the compressor has reached 6 kgf/cm2, the valve connected to it opens;
• groups of risers alternately overlap so that ten, no more, are open at the same time. So flushing the heating risers and the heating devices connected to them will give a good result.

The time of the procedure can be chosen by checking the contamination of the water leaving after it by eye. If the liquid becomes transparent, you can proceed to another group of risers.

When all risers are flushed, the heating switches to reset in the opposite direction:

• the discharge, the valve to which the compressor is connected, closes;
• the house valve is closed on the supply and opens on the return;
• the discharge from the supply opens, the compressor is connected to the metering valve on the return pipeline, it opens.

Flushing of riser groups takes place again, but with the reverse direction of the pulp flow.

• Where can I get the program for flushing the heating system in the MKD?

At whose expense is the discharge of the heating system of an apartment building

A well-functioning heating system is essential for a fulfilling and pleasant life in any type of dwelling. It happens that residents need to install new batteries, eliminate leaks, move the riser to the wall.

Such actions with the system, obviously, should not be carried out without draining the water inside - it is impossible to open the pipes when the network is full. Therefore, before repair, maintenance work, it is required to drain the water from the riser of the heating system of an apartment building.

The correct operation of communications in the MKD is the responsibility of the management company. This means that the drain is coordinated with it in advance. For this reason, residents have such questions.

1. Does the owner have the right to set the day of this procedure independently?

Doesn't have. The term is chosen by the CC. But it will be possible to ask to do the work at a specific time, having coordinated this with several specialists of the Criminal Code.

2. Who pays for draining the riser?

Owner. Funds are charged for coordination and for the activities of the masters. Tariffs differ depending on regions and companies. It is impossible to name the price in advance: in some settlements it will cost 1,000 rubles, in others - 5,000 rubles. This includes shutting down the system, draining fluid, refilling.

If there is a need for repairs during the heating season, the owner will have to spend time persuading the management company to pay a much more serious amount. When it is cold outside from -30 ° C, the procedure will not be allowed. This rule does not apply to accidents.

3. Is it always necessary to drain the riser?

Minor repairs and the installation of a new battery instead of the old one are not related to draining the water in the entire heating system of an apartment building. In almost any apartment, it will turn out, without affecting the circuit itself, to block a specific radiator. This is done like this:

• turn the tap on the riser, shut off the water flow;
• open the outlet cock on the battery / unscrew the cap with a wrench, drain the water into any container.

It happens that the system is not equipped with either a plug or a drain valve, then disconnect the radiator and drain the liquid.

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What are the heating systems of an apartment building - schemes

The heating systems of most multi-storey buildings in our country, as a rule, are connected to a thermal power plant or a central boiler house, that is, they are centralized. Depending on how the water circuits are installed in the heating system of an apartment building, it can be either one-pipe or two-pipe.

Let us consider in more detail what heating systems exist for multi-storey buildings, and what are their advantages and disadvantages.

Centralized heating systems

First of all, it is worth mentioning the local or autonomous heating system. The advantage of this system is that it functions from a boiler house located inside the apartment building itself, or next to it. This allows you to independently regulate the temperature of the coolant.

The disadvantages of autonomy include its high price, due to which it is rarely used in multi-storey buildings (basically, such a system is chosen by owners of private houses).

Much more often, they build a thermal power plant or arrange one powerful boiler house to heat an entire residential area. In this case, the coolant flows through the main pipes from the center to the heating points, and from there to the apartments. This principle of supply is called independent, since it allows you to additionally regulate the supply of coolant using circulation pumps.

In a dependent heating system of a residential apartment building, the coolant is supplied to apartment radiators directly from a CHP or boiler house. However, there is no significant difference between these two systems, since the heat points perform a function here comparable to that performed by additional circulation pumps in an autonomous heating system, and they do not affect the temperature of the coolant itself.

Also, the heating systems of an apartment building are divided into closed and open (you can find options for schemes on the Internet).

In a closed system, the heat carrier from the CHP or boiler room enters the distribution point, from where it is separately supplied to hot water supply and apartment radiators.

In an open system, such distribution is not provided, that is, it does not allow providing residents of the house with hot water outside the heating season.

Connection types

As mentioned above, according to the type of connection, the systems of an apartment building are single-pipe and two-pipe.

The single-pipe heating system of an apartment building has a huge number of disadvantages, the most significant of which is considered to be a large heat loss along the route. In such a heating system of an apartment building, the scheme of which is simple, the coolant is supplied from the bottom up. Getting into the apartment radiators of the lower floors, and giving off heat, the water returns to the same pipe and, being pretty cool, continues its way up. Hence the frequent complaints of the residents of the upper floors that the radiators in their apartments do not warm up well.

The two-pipe heating system in the apartment (the diagram can be viewed on the Internet) is most widely used in construction. The main distinguishing feature of such a system is the presence of two highways: supply and return.

Through one pipe (supply), the coolant is transported from the heating boiler to the heating devices. The second line (return) is necessary to withdraw the already chilled water and return it back to the boiler room.

The main advantage of the two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is that the coolant is supplied to all heating devices evenly with the same temperature, regardless of whether the apartment is located on the ground floor or on the sixteenth.

It is also important that the presence of two pipes greatly simplifies the process of flushing the heating systems of an apartment building.

There are two ways to arrange pipes combined into a single heating network: horizontal and vertical.

A horizontal heating network, which implies a constant circulation of the coolant, is usually mounted in low-rise buildings that are long (for example, in production workshops or warehouses), as well as in panel-frame houses.

The vertical two-pipe heating system of an apartment building is used in multi-storey buildings, where each floor is connected separately. The indisputable advantage of such a network is that it practically does not form air jams.

Two-pipe heating network and types of wiring

Both pipe layouts (both vertical and horizontal) allow the use of two types of wiring - lower and upper. At the same time, in the heating systems of multi-storey buildings, where the pipes are located in a vertical pattern, the lower wiring is usually used.

What is the difference between the lower wiring and the upper one?

When installing the lower wiring, the supply line is laid in the basement or basement, and the return line (the so-called "return") is even lower.

To remove excess air when using the bottom wiring, an upper air line is required. For uniform distribution of the heat carrier throughout the system, it is recommended to place the boiler as low as possible relative to the heating radiators.

The upper wiring is most often done in the attic, which must be well insulated. With this wiring method, an expansion tank is installed at the highest point of the heating system. The main advantage of the upper wiring is the high pressure in the supply lines.

When designing large-scale heating systems (in particular, calculations for adjusting the heating system of an apartment building and its full functioning), special attention is paid to external and internal factors in the operation of the equipment. Several heating schemes for central heating have been developed and successfully applied in practice, differing from each other in structure, parameters of the working fluid and piping schemes in apartment buildings.

What are the types of heating systems in an apartment building

Depending on the installation of the heat generator or the location of the boiler room:

Heating schemes depending on the parameters of the working fluid:

Based on the piping diagram:

Functioning of the heating system of an apartment building

Autonomous heating systems of a multi-storey residential building perform one function - the timely transportation of the heated coolant and its adjustment for each consumer. To ensure the possibility of general control of the circuit in the house, a single distribution unit is mounted with elements for adjusting the parameters of the coolant, combined with a heat generator.

The autonomous heating system of a multi-storey building necessarily includes the following components and components:

1. The route of the pipeline through which the working fluid is delivered to apartments and premises. As already mentioned, the piping scheme in multi-storey buildings can be single- or double-circuit;
2. KPiA - control devices and equipment that reflects the parameters of the coolant, regulates its characteristics and takes into account all its changing properties (flow rate, pressure, inflow rate, chemical composition);
3. A distribution unit that distributes heated coolant through pipe lines.

A practical scheme for heating a residential multi-storey building includes a set of documentation: a project, drawings, calculations. All documentation for heating in an apartment building is compiled by responsible executive services (design bureaus) in strict accordance with GOST and SNiP. The responsibility for ensuring that the centralized central heating system will be operated correctly lies with the management company, as well as its repair or complete replacement of the heating system in a multi-apartment building.

How does the heating system work in an apartment building

The normal operation of the heating of an apartment building depends on compliance with the basic parameters of the equipment and the coolant - pressure, temperature, wiring diagram. According to the accepted standards, the main parameters must be observed within the following limits:

1. For an apartment building with a height of not more than 5 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 2-4.0 atm;
2. For an apartment building with a height of 9 floors, the pressure in the pipes should not exceed 5-7 atm;
3. The spread of temperature values ​​for all heating circuits operating in residential premises is +18 0 C / +22 0 C. The temperature in radiators on landings and in technical rooms is +15 0 C.

The choice of piping in a five-story or multi-story building depends on the number of floors, the total area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building, and the heat output of the heating system, taking into account the quality or availability of thermal insulation of all surfaces. In this case, the difference in pressure between the first and ninth floors should not be more than 10%.

Single pipe wiring

The most economical variant of pipe wiring is according to a single-loop scheme. A single-pipe circuit works more efficiently in low-rise buildings and with a small heating area. As a water (and not steam) heating system, single-pipe wiring has been used since the beginning of the 50s of the last century, in the so-called "Khrushchev". The coolant in such a wiring flows through several risers, to which apartments are connected, while the entrance for all risers is one, which makes the installation of the route simple and fast, but uneconomical due to heat losses at the end of the circuit.

Since the return line is physically absent, and its role is played by the working fluid supply pipe, this gives rise to a number of negative points in the operation of the system:

1. The room warms up unevenly, and the temperature in each individual room depends on the distance of the radiator to the point of intake of the working fluid. With such a dependence, the temperature on distant batteries will always be lower;
2. Manual or automatic temperature control on heaters is not possible, but bypasses can be installed in the Leningradka circuit, which allows you to connect or disconnect additional radiators;
3. It is difficult to balance a single-pipe heating scheme, since this is possible only when shut-off valves and thermal valves are included in the circuit, which, if the coolant parameters change, can cause the entire heating system of a three-story or higher house to fail.

In new buildings, a single-pipe scheme has not been implemented for a long time, since it is almost impossible to effectively control and account for the coolant flow for each apartment. The difficulty lies precisely in the fact that for each apartment in the "Khrushchev" there can be up to 5-6 risers, which means that you need to embed the same number of water meters or hot water meters.

A correctly drawn up estimate for heating a multi-storey building with a one-pipe system should include not only maintenance costs, but also the modernization of pipelines - the replacement of individual components with more efficient ones.

Two-pipe wiring

This heating scheme is more efficient, since in it the cooled working fluid is taken in through a separate pipe - the return pipe. The nominal diameter of the heat carrier return pipes is chosen the same as for the supply heating main.

The double-circuit heating system is designed so that the water that has given off heat to the premises of the apartment is fed back to the boiler through a separate pipe, which means it does not mix with the supply and does not take the temperature from the coolant delivered to the radiators. In the boiler, the cooled working fluid is heated up again and sent to the supply pipe of the system. When drawing up a project and during the operation of heating, the following number of features should be taken into account:

1. You can regulate the temperature and pressure in the heating main in any individual apartment, or in a common heating main. To adjust the parameters of the system, mixing units crash into the pipe;
2. When carrying out repair or maintenance work, the system does not need to be turned off - the necessary sections are cut off with shutoff valves, and the faulty circuit is repaired, while the remaining sections work and move heat around the house. This is the principle of operation, and the advantage of a two-pipe system over the rest.

The pressure parameters in the heating pipes in an apartment building depend on the number of floors, but lie in the range of 3-5 atm, which should ensure the delivery of heated water to all floors without exception. In high-rise buildings, intermediate pumping stations can be used to lift the coolant to the last floors. Radiators for any heating systems are selected according to design calculations, and must withstand the required pressure and maintain a given temperature regime.

Heating system

The layout of the heating pipes in a multi-storey building plays an important role in maintaining the specified parameters of the equipment and the working fluid. So, the upper wiring of the heating system is more often used in low-rise buildings, the lower one - in high-rise buildings. The method of delivery of the coolant - centralized or autonomous - can also affect the reliable operation of heating in the house.

In overwhelming cases, they make a connection to the central heating system. This allows you to reduce the current costs in the estimate for heating a multi-storey building. But in practice, the level of quality of such services remains extremely low. Therefore, if there is a choice, preference is given to autonomous heating of a multi-storey building.

Modern new buildings are connected to mini-boiler rooms or to centralized heating, and these schemes work so efficiently that it makes no sense to change the connection method to an autonomous one or another one (common house or apartment). But the autonomous scheme gives preference to apartment or house-wide heat distribution. When installing heating in each apartment, an autonomous (independent) piping is performed, a separate boiler is installed in the apartment, control and metering devices are also installed separately for each apartment.

When organizing a common house wiring, it is necessary to build or install a common boiler room with its own specific requirements:

1. Several boilers must be installed - gas or electric, so that in case of an accident it is possible to duplicate the operation of the system;
2. Only a double-circuit pipeline route is carried out, the plan of which is drawn up in the design process. Such a system is regulated for each apartment separately, since the settings can be individual;
3. A schedule of planned preventive and repair activities is required.

In a common building heating system, control and accounting of heat consumption is carried out on an apartment-by-apartment basis. In practice, this means that a meter is installed on each coolant supply pipe from the main riser.

Centralized heating for an apartment building

If you connect the pipes to the central heating system, then what will be the difference in the wiring diagram? The main working unit of the heat supply circuit is the elevator, which stabilizes the liquid parameters within the specified values. This is necessary because of the long length of heating mains in which heat is lost. The elevator unit normalizes the temperature and pressure: for this, the water pressure in the heat point increases to 20 atm, which automatically increases the coolant temperature to +120 0 C. But, since such characteristics of the liquid medium for pipes are unacceptable, the elevator normalizes them to acceptable values.

The heating point (elevator unit) functions both in a two-circuit heating scheme and in a single-pipe heating system of an apartment high-rise building. The functions that it will perform with this connection: Reduce the working pressure of the liquid using an elevator. The cone valve changes the flow of fluid into the distribution system.

Conclusion

When drawing up a project for heating, do not forget that the estimate for the installation and connection of centralized heating to an apartment building differs from the cost of organizing an autonomous system downwards.